Forest restoration
1891 General Revision Actcorrect answersSection 24-Forest Reserve Act: President can create
reserves
Harrison, Cleveland and Roosevelt*
1897 Organic Actcorrect answersEstablished the Forest Service
1891-1911 Gifford Pinchot Eracorrect answers"Establishing the Forests"
1891 General Revision Act
1897 Organic Act
1905 Transfer of Forests from Interior to Agriculture
1905 Transfer Actcorrect answersTransfer of Forests from Interior to Agriculture
1911 - 1945 Custodial Eracorrect answersForest Service develops expertise and mystique
Timber is dominant use but demand low
Iron triangle: forest service, timber industry/communities, Western Congressional delegation
Timber harvest incentives and the1930 Knutson-Vandenberg Actcorrect answersSince 1908,
Law requires 25% of timber sale receipts be returned to states for use in county roads and
schools
Knutson-Vandenberg Act 1930: A portion of timber receipts goes directly back to forest,
supposedly for reforestation (1994: $911m in timber sales, $215 goes to K-V funds=24%; some
sales quite higher; 2/3 of reforestation dollars come from KV funds
Monongahela Case (1975)correct answersClearcutting violates Organic Act; harvest of
unmarked, live trees
(Part of the Impetus/Agenda setting of the 1976 NFMA)
Bolle and Church Reportscorrect answersSenate commissions in response to clearcutting, esp. in
Bitterroot; suggested conditions for clearcutting
(Part of the Impetus/Agenda setting of the 1976 NFMA)
National Forest Management Act (NFMA)correct answersThree basic functions:
1. Establishes a forest planning process that requires forest plans for every forest, updated every
15 years
2. Substantive guidelines for resource management:
•"Suitability" requirements limits harvesting to environmentally and economically suitable lands;
clearcutting allowed only where optimum
•"Non-declining even flow" management
•"Viability" regulation for protecting biodiversity-key for preventative ecosystem management
3. Expansion of public participation
Why is the USFS a "shooting star" agency according to Clark and McCool?correct answersThe
USFS has more resources per employee and more employees per acre of land that it manages.
The USFS, which gained a reputation for sound, science-based management, has historically
proven to be a powerful and successful agency.
Forest Planning Stepscorrect answersBasic steps from 1982 regulations
1. Identification of issues, concerns, opportunities: Public comments
2. Development of planning criteria: How decisions are made
3. Data collection: Resource inventory data needs
, 4. Analysis of management requirements: Land classification, models, management actions
(including FORPLAN, linear programming)
5. Formulate alternatives: NEPA, No-action, RPA
6. Estimate costs/benefits (and 7)
7. Selection of preferred alternative
8. Implementation
9. Monitoring/Evaluation
Planning regulations just revised; reflect more ecosystem management and collaborative
principles
Some forests have finished, others in progress
Non-declining even flow managementcorrect answersNon-declining even flow management
the sale of timber from a forest is limited to "a quantity equal to or less than a quantity that can
be removed from such a forest annually in perpetuity"
USFS Viability Regulationcorrect answersUSFS Viability Regulation requires each forest plan to
identify "management indicator species" that could be measured to gauge health of the forest as a
whole
importance: set limits on clear cutting, protects biodiversity through preventative ecosystem
management
keeping some that are new growth
Below-cost timber salescorrect answers•Revenues gained from timber sales are below cost of
administering the sale (1998: Forest Service lost $125m)
•Below-cost sales concentrated in forests with low timber values and/or high operating costs
•Concentrated in certain areas: Alaska, Rockies, Southeast, Lake States, New England
•Between 1989-1993: 77 of the 120 forests lost money; 43 with net profits
•Six reported losses over $10m: Klamath (OR); Flathead (MT); North Carolina Forests; Tongass
(AK), Bitterroot (MT)
•Profitable ones in NW; 5 forests with profits over 100 million
•Problem appears to be worsening due to increased costs, decreased revenues
Northwest Forest Plan (USFS)correct answersNorthern Spotted Owl and other endangered
species
Injunctions on timber sales; viability regulation
Clinton's forest summit
Regional plan amends individual forest plans; slows down logging in PacNW
Sierra Nevada Frameworkcorrect answersCA Spotted Own
Protected Activity Centers
Conflict between Quincy Library Group
New revisions under Bush administration increase amount of logging and size of trees
Wildland Urban Interface (WUI)correct answersAppeal rates were higher in roadless areas,
lower in WUI
These areas see greater amount of trouble for wildlife and humans
Think Tahoe houses and bears breaking in and bears getting hit on the roads
Salvage loggingcorrect answersBush administration extended categorical exclusions to timber
acres less than 1000 acres and salvage up to 4200 (part of the Healthy Forest Restoration act was
to streamline salvage and thinning projects)
Thinningcorrect answers(part of the Healthy Forest Restoration act was to streamline salvage and
thinning projects) -originally stop fires from happening
1891 General Revision Actcorrect answersSection 24-Forest Reserve Act: President can create
reserves
Harrison, Cleveland and Roosevelt*
1897 Organic Actcorrect answersEstablished the Forest Service
1891-1911 Gifford Pinchot Eracorrect answers"Establishing the Forests"
1891 General Revision Act
1897 Organic Act
1905 Transfer of Forests from Interior to Agriculture
1905 Transfer Actcorrect answersTransfer of Forests from Interior to Agriculture
1911 - 1945 Custodial Eracorrect answersForest Service develops expertise and mystique
Timber is dominant use but demand low
Iron triangle: forest service, timber industry/communities, Western Congressional delegation
Timber harvest incentives and the1930 Knutson-Vandenberg Actcorrect answersSince 1908,
Law requires 25% of timber sale receipts be returned to states for use in county roads and
schools
Knutson-Vandenberg Act 1930: A portion of timber receipts goes directly back to forest,
supposedly for reforestation (1994: $911m in timber sales, $215 goes to K-V funds=24%; some
sales quite higher; 2/3 of reforestation dollars come from KV funds
Monongahela Case (1975)correct answersClearcutting violates Organic Act; harvest of
unmarked, live trees
(Part of the Impetus/Agenda setting of the 1976 NFMA)
Bolle and Church Reportscorrect answersSenate commissions in response to clearcutting, esp. in
Bitterroot; suggested conditions for clearcutting
(Part of the Impetus/Agenda setting of the 1976 NFMA)
National Forest Management Act (NFMA)correct answersThree basic functions:
1. Establishes a forest planning process that requires forest plans for every forest, updated every
15 years
2. Substantive guidelines for resource management:
•"Suitability" requirements limits harvesting to environmentally and economically suitable lands;
clearcutting allowed only where optimum
•"Non-declining even flow" management
•"Viability" regulation for protecting biodiversity-key for preventative ecosystem management
3. Expansion of public participation
Why is the USFS a "shooting star" agency according to Clark and McCool?correct answersThe
USFS has more resources per employee and more employees per acre of land that it manages.
The USFS, which gained a reputation for sound, science-based management, has historically
proven to be a powerful and successful agency.
Forest Planning Stepscorrect answersBasic steps from 1982 regulations
1. Identification of issues, concerns, opportunities: Public comments
2. Development of planning criteria: How decisions are made
3. Data collection: Resource inventory data needs
, 4. Analysis of management requirements: Land classification, models, management actions
(including FORPLAN, linear programming)
5. Formulate alternatives: NEPA, No-action, RPA
6. Estimate costs/benefits (and 7)
7. Selection of preferred alternative
8. Implementation
9. Monitoring/Evaluation
Planning regulations just revised; reflect more ecosystem management and collaborative
principles
Some forests have finished, others in progress
Non-declining even flow managementcorrect answersNon-declining even flow management
the sale of timber from a forest is limited to "a quantity equal to or less than a quantity that can
be removed from such a forest annually in perpetuity"
USFS Viability Regulationcorrect answersUSFS Viability Regulation requires each forest plan to
identify "management indicator species" that could be measured to gauge health of the forest as a
whole
importance: set limits on clear cutting, protects biodiversity through preventative ecosystem
management
keeping some that are new growth
Below-cost timber salescorrect answers•Revenues gained from timber sales are below cost of
administering the sale (1998: Forest Service lost $125m)
•Below-cost sales concentrated in forests with low timber values and/or high operating costs
•Concentrated in certain areas: Alaska, Rockies, Southeast, Lake States, New England
•Between 1989-1993: 77 of the 120 forests lost money; 43 with net profits
•Six reported losses over $10m: Klamath (OR); Flathead (MT); North Carolina Forests; Tongass
(AK), Bitterroot (MT)
•Profitable ones in NW; 5 forests with profits over 100 million
•Problem appears to be worsening due to increased costs, decreased revenues
Northwest Forest Plan (USFS)correct answersNorthern Spotted Owl and other endangered
species
Injunctions on timber sales; viability regulation
Clinton's forest summit
Regional plan amends individual forest plans; slows down logging in PacNW
Sierra Nevada Frameworkcorrect answersCA Spotted Own
Protected Activity Centers
Conflict between Quincy Library Group
New revisions under Bush administration increase amount of logging and size of trees
Wildland Urban Interface (WUI)correct answersAppeal rates were higher in roadless areas,
lower in WUI
These areas see greater amount of trouble for wildlife and humans
Think Tahoe houses and bears breaking in and bears getting hit on the roads
Salvage loggingcorrect answersBush administration extended categorical exclusions to timber
acres less than 1000 acres and salvage up to 4200 (part of the Healthy Forest Restoration act was
to streamline salvage and thinning projects)
Thinningcorrect answers(part of the Healthy Forest Restoration act was to streamline salvage and
thinning projects) -originally stop fires from happening
