HESI ANATOMY $ PHYSIOLOGY V1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST(V1) UPDATE

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (SCORED A+) LATEST UPDATE Which of the following statements is anatomically correct? A. The knee is distal to the ankle. B. The heart is inferior to the diaphragm C. The his is proximal to the knee D. The wrist is proximal to the elbow If you wanted to separate the abdominal cavity for the thoracic cavity, which plane would you use? A. Sagittal B. Transverse C. Frontal D. Coronal You have been given a sample tissue that has pillar shaped cells arranged tightly together. The tissue you have is: A. Squamous Epithelium B. Cuboidal Epithelium C. Columnar Epithelium D. Transitional Epithelium The epidermis is classified as a(n): A. Cell B. Tissue C. Organ D. System The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the middle region of the humerus. What area is he describing? A. Epiphysis B. Articular cartilage C. Perichondrium D. Diaphysis Going for superior to inferior, the sequence of the vertebral column is: A. Sacral, coccyx, thoracic, lumbar, and cervical B. Coccyx, sacral, lumber, thoracic, and cervical C. Cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral, and coccyx D. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx Which of the following is true of skeletal muscle? (select all that apply) A. Skeletal muscle comprises 10% of the body’s weight. B. Skeletal muscle attaches to bones by tendons C. Muscle contraction helps keep the body warm D. Skeletal muscles continuously contract to maintain posture. If an impulse is traveling from a sense receptor toward the spinal cord, it is traveling along what type of neuron? A. Motor neuron B. Sensory neuron C. Interneuron D. Bipolar neuron What does the parathyroid hormone regulate? A. Magnesium B. Calcium C. Calcitonin D. Glucocorticoids Where are the pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors (specialized sensory nerves that assist with the regulation of circulation and respiration) located? A. Circle of willis B. Cerebral arteries C. Abdominal aorta D. Carotid artery Bile is secreted into which organ? A. Liver B. Small intestine C. Large intestine D. Stomach What is the role of progesterone in the female reproductive system? A. Stimulates ovulation B. Conversion of the follicle to the corpus lutem C. Stimulates the development of the endometrium D. Stimulates the start of menstruation What mineral is responsible for muscle contractions? A. Chloride B. Sodium C. Calcium D. Magnesium In which of the following locations would the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs be found? A. Thoracic cavity B. Mediastinum C. Abdominal cavity D. Pelvic cavity What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? A. Diaphragm B. Mediastinum C. Liver D. Lungs Which of the following epithelial types is correctly matched with its major function? A. Simple squamous epithelium – secretion or absorption B. Stratified squamous epithelium – changes shape when stretched C. Stratified squamous epithelium – diffusion D. Simple columnar epithelium – secretion or absorption A tissue examined under the microscope exhibits the following characteristics: cells found on the internal surface of the stomach, no extracellular matrix, cells tall and thin, no blood vessels in the tissue. What type of tissue is this? A. Epithelial B. Connective muscle C. Cartilage D. Nervous Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as which of the following? A. Osteoblasts B. Neuroglia C. Osteocytes D. Arterioles Which tissue serves as the framework of the body by providing support and structure for the organs? A. Epithelial B. Connective C. nervous D. Muscle What is the basic unit of life and the building block of tissues and organs? A. Atom B. Organelle C. Cell D. DNA Which type of cell division takes place in the gonads? A. Mitosis B. Meiosis C. Binary fission D. Asexual division In what area of the body would you expect to find in an especially hard thick stratum corneum? A. Back of the hand B. Heel of the foot C. Abdomen D. Over the shin What are the glands of skin that produce a thin, watery secretion? A. Sebaceous glands B. Eccrine glands C. Apocrine glands D. Endocrine glands Skin aids in maintaining the calcium and phosphate levels of the body by participating in the production of which of the following? A. Sebum B. Keratin C. Vitamin A D. Vitamin D Which of the following are functions of the skeletal system? (Select all that apply) A. Support body B. Hemopoiesis C. Conduct impulses D. Provide protection The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the middle region of the humerus. What is he describing? A. Epiphysis B. Articular cartilage C. Perichondrium D. Diaphysis You have been given a sample of tissue that has open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needle like structures. What is the tissue? A. Spongy bone B. Compact bone C. Cartilage D. Adipose tissue Which of the following bones is the only moveable bone of the skull? A. Maxilla B. Zygomatic C. Lacrimal D. Mandible Which mineral is responsible for regulation fluid in the body? A. Chloride B. Sodium C. Calcium D. Magnesium Why are skeletal muscles also called voluntary muscles? A. They are under conscious control B. They are attached to the skeleton C. They use ATP to energize contraction D. They are striated in appearance All actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of nerve impulses over which of the following? A. Neuroglia B. Efferent pathways C. Afferent pathways D. Neurons Motor or _____ neurons transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS. A. Afferent B. Efferent C. Central D. Peripheral Jeffery has contracted bulbar poliomyelitis and it has affected the medulla oblongata. The doctors warned the family that his condition is grave, and death may be imminent. What functions of the medulla oblongata have warranted such a dire prognosis? A. The medulla oblongata contains vital centers that control heart action, blood vessel diameter, and respiration. B. The medulla oblongata contains neural connections of the reticular – activationg system. C. The medulla oblongata contains the pineal gland, which controls the vital centers. D. The medulla oblongata contains the corpora quadrigemina, which controls the neural transmission of impulses along the spinal cord. What are chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation, and the metabolism of specific target cells called? A. Hormones B. Neurons C. Glands D. Second messengers Which of the following are tropic hormones? (select all that apply) A. Somatotropin B. Follicle – stimulating hormone C. Antidiuretic hormone D. Thyroid – stimulating hormone Which leukocytes are correctly matched with their function or description? (select all that apply) A. Monocytes – become macrophages B. Basophils – the most common type of WBC C. Lymphocytes – important in immune response D. Neutrophils – phagocytize microorganisms The heart has an intrinsic beat that is initiated by which of the following? A. Semilunar valve B. Bicuspid valve C. Tricuspid valve D. Sinoatrial node Vasodilation and vasoconstriction result from which of the following? A. Contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial wall B. Relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterial wall C. Relaxation and contraction of smooth muscle in the arterial wall D. Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the venous wall Which of the following is the blood vessel where exchanges take place between blood and the cells of the body? A. Artery B. Vein C. Capillary D. Arteriole What is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood through the alveoli called? A. External respiration B. Internal respiration C. Inhalation D. Cellular respiration In order for inhalation to occur, what must happen? A. Contraction of the diaphragm which decreases the volume of the chest cavity and draws air into the lungs. B. Contraction of the diaphragm, which enlarges the chest cavity and draws air into the lungs C. Recoil of the lungs as the respiratory muscles relax, and the thorax decreases in size Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood does which of the following? A. It is carried in solution or bound to blood proteins B. It is carried on hemoglobin C. It is converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase within red blood cells D. It is converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase within the plasma How does the trachea remain open like a hollow tube? A. Air pressure inside keeps it open B. Supporting cartilaginous rings keep it open C. It is reinforced with bone that cannot collapse D. Special muscles are working to keep the trachea open The stomach muscle chuns and mixes food, turning the mass into a soupy substance called which of the following? A. Bolus B. Bile C. Chyme D. Feces What is the function of aldosterone? A. It converts proinsulin to insulin B. It conserves sodium in the body C. It protects against stress D. It affects heat production All the nutrients that enter the hepatic portal vin are routed where for decontamination? A. Kidney B. Pancreas C. Spleen D. Liver Which are the functional units of the kidney? A. Ureters B. Glomeruli C. Nephrons D. Renal capsules What are the two functions of the male and female sex organs? A. Production of all cells and production of hormones B. Production of interstitial cells and production of hormones C. Production of gametes and production of hormones D. Production of gametes and production of interstitial cells In men, spermatozoa develop within the ____ of each testis. A. Seminiferous tubules B. Vas deferens C. Ejaculatory ducts D. Bulbourethral glands Testicular activity is under the control of which hormones(s)? A. FSH B. LH C. GH D. Both FSH and LH Which hormone initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy? A. FSH B. Estrogen C. LH D. Progesterone During pregnancy, what organ produces the hormones that maintain the endometrium and prepare the breasts for milk production? A. Placenta B. Uterus C. Cervix D. Corpus luteum Going for superior to inferior, the sequence of the vertebral column is: A. Sacral, coccyx, thoracic, lumbar, and cervical B. Coccyx, sacral, lumbar, thoracic, and cervical C. Cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral, and coccyx D. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx What is characteristic of viral herpes? Skin eruption When a boxer gets hit and has a deviated septum? Vomer (in the nose) Which of the following is a structure found in the upper respiratory? Pharynx A person who has damage to their ulnar nerve will have decreased sensation in. Arm, inability to adduct arms and fingers Which of the following is a structure found in the upper respiratory. Pharynx Which bone does not articulate with any other bone? Hyoid bone Which of the following statements best describes endocrine glands? They secrete chemicals into the blood, growth, metabolism, sexual development and function Diet is important because bone are storage places for? Calcium and Phosphorus Which organ is part of both the male reproductive system and the urinary system? Urethra Ligaments provide which connection? Bone to bone Which structure conducts urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder? Ureter Anaerobic respiration can lead to a burning sensation cause by which molecule? Lactic acid As part of the negative feedback system, which type of cell is stimulated to re – absorb bone matrix in response to a decrease in Calcium in the blood? Osteoclasts (break down bone so it can release calcium into interstitial fluid) Swat on the skin’s surface cool’s the body through which process? Evaporation When assessing a female client who describes herself as a vegetarian in the nurse notes that she has unusual skin color. The nurse should ask the client if she has eaten a large amount of? Carrot and squash Which hand position describes anatomical position of a person who is standing erect with feet forward? Palms facing anterior Which structure is a ball and socket joint? Shoulder Which anatomical structure houses the malleus, incus and stapes? Skull/Ear What are like cells grouped together called? Tissue The pulse point located behind the knee is palpated over which artery? Popliteal Ceruminous (apocrine) glands secrete? Earwax What type of synovial joint is the elbow? Hinge What occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated/ increased? Cardiac output Where does digestion begin in the digestive system? Oral cavity Which cell structure regulates the transport of substances in and out of a cell? Plasma membrane The mediastinum is located with which cavity? Thoracic cavity What is the response of cells in the collection tubules in nephrons when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted? H20 is re – absorbed from urinary filtrate What is the function of thrombocytes (platelets)? Blood clotting Which muscle of the guad femoris group lies on the outer side surface of lower extremity? Vastus lateralis Which structure is located on the sternum? Xiphoid process The occipital region is located in which part of the body? Head / Skull Which structure carries oxygen to the cells? Hemoglobin Which gland is commonly known as the “Master Gland”? Pituitary gland Aspirin occurs when there is a tear in which structures? Ligament What epidermal derivative is involved in temperature homeostasis? Eccrine gland (merocrine / sweat gland) Which statement are true about bone? Osteoblast (buildup of bone), epiphyseal (end of bone), diaphysis (shaft of bone) Aqueous humor is watery fluid in which part of the body? Eye ( in front of eye, between lens and cornea) The malleus, incus and stapes are located in which part of the body? Ear Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion are types of joint movement that are associated with which part of the body? Foot Within which vessel does blood return from the lungs? Pulmonary vein Which part of the brain is involved in auditory functioning? Temporal lobe What internal structure of the ear is concerned with hearing? Cochlea Fertilization of an ovum occurs in which anatomical structure? Fallopian tubes (also called uterine tubes) Where is the tibialis anterior muscle located? Lower leg An overproduction of cerumen (earwax) can accumulate in which area? External ear and canals The mitral valve is located between which two structures? Left ventricle and left atrium The olfactory nerve is associated in which sense? Smell Vessel carries blood from the body to the heart. Vena cava Hormones produced by the ovaries. Estrogen and progesterone Plane divides the body into left and right sides? Sagittal Two divisions that make up the nervous system. PNS and CNS (peripheral and central) The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the distal region of the humerus. What area is he describing? Epiphysis Part of the brain that attaches to the spinal cord. Medulla oblongata Which term is used to describe movement of the arms and legs away from midline of the body? Abduction (AB= away from) Structure that provides a pulse reading in the neck. Carotid artery Which hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary gland? Oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) (ADH is also known as vasopressin) What is the primary function of hemoglobin? Carry oxygen What stimulates chemoreceptors to function? Increase in CO2 and decrease in O2 Which condition causes a client to say “I can’t see far away”? Nearsightedness What is the function of Golgi apparatus? Packaging proteins for secretion and transports lipids around the cell synthesize cabs and glycoproteins What organ produces insulin? Pancreas Fertilization occurs in the. Oviduct When drawing blood from antecubital region, which blood vessel is used to obtain blood? Median cubital What hormone induces growth of pubic and axillary hair at puberty? Testosterone and estrogen Increase in rate of breathing results in what blood PH change? Alkalosis What is the function of the hypothalamus? Regulates balance and thermor gulation How many carbs per gram do carbs contain? 4 When water molecules move across the cell membrane from high to low concentration, this process is called? Osmosis What is the result of carbon dioxide in the body? Body becomes more acidic What part of the body is the lower back? Lumbar High levels of which ion would most likely result in a cardia arrest? Potassium What blood vessels perfuses (goes through) the kidney? Renal vein (this vein drains the kidney) What gland is located on the anterior surface of the trachea? Thyroid gland In white blood cells, what contributes to phagocytosis? Macrophages and neutrophils What structure of the eye picks out color? Retina What is the most protective layer of the skin? Epidermis The organ of corti is located in the? Ear Where in the body are nutrients absorbed? Small intestine The rough ER functions in the human cells to? Synthesize proteins Tissue repair is enhanced by a diet high in. Protein What is the definition of chyme? Sami fluid mass off partially digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum What are hormones? Chemical messengers What female reproductive organ produces oocytes, estrogen and progesterone? Ovaries What cellular process helps to move debris and mucous through the lining of tubules? Cilia Which is a hollow organ? Gall bladder Which muscle(s) is included in the guad femoris group? Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius Which structure is respiratory function? Medulla oblongata A client has a large pituitary tumor, what part of the body does this effect? Low blood pressure, sickness, head hurting, vision problems Which structures produce B – lymphocytes? Red bone marrow What occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulation is increased? Blood pressure increases and goose bumps The buttocks are which surface of the body? Dorsal The esophagus is located in which body cavity? Thoracic The tympanic membrane is located between which structures? External auditor canal and middle ear How many days is the average menstrual cycle? 28 cycles Which structure produces T – lymphocytes? Thymus Calcaneus is located in. Foot Urinary system in the human body primary task is to? Expel waste Which of the following produce progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy? Corpus luteum What are fingerprints made of? Friction ridges / dermal papillae ABCD of cancer? Melanoma Which of the following location(s) would the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organ be found? Pelvic region Which one increase angle at the joint? Extensor Which hormone is released by posterior lobe? Oxytocin and ADH Order of organization for living things. Organelle, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, biosphere. All living things are made up of? Cells What bones are formed first during intramembranous ossification? Flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles Most obvious skin cancer? Basal cell carcinoma Active transport requires? Requires energy (ATP) from cell Passive transport? Does not require energy (ATP) Diffusion is? Passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, to low concentration Osmosis is? Movement of water across a membrane (low to high concentration) Fibrous joint is? Stationary and held together by ligaments only (Ex. Teeth in socket) Cartilaginous is? Connection between articulating bones made up of cartilage Synovial joints are? Freely mobile (Ex. Hinge, pivot, saddle) Types of asexual reproduction? Binary fission and mitosis What is the eustachian tube? Links the nasopharynx to the middle ear Calciferol (aka Vitamin D) is controlled by? Parathyroid hormone Sebaceous gland function? Secretes oil What is endocytosis? Engulfs and brings in (endo = internal) What is exocytosis? Fuses with plasma membrane and releases contents outside the cell (exo = exit) Pituitary gland produces? Adrenocorticotropic hormone and growth hormone What does the adrenal gland secrete? Cortisol and aldosterone Aerobic respiration takes place in? Mitochondria and requires oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy Anaerobic respiration produces? Energy and uses glucose, but produces less energy and does NOT require oxygen What part(s) of the respiratory system are in the lower respiratory? Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli Aerobic respirations happen in the presence of? oxygen What is the soft spot on a baby’s head? Fontanelle Layers of the epidermis? (superficial to deep) Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, Basale The top of the sternum is called. Manubrium Parts of the sternum? Manubrium, body, xiphoid process What makes up most plasma? Water Polypeptides are? Chains of amino acids What is mitosis? The process of cell division that occurs in 5 stages before pinching 2 daughter cells in a process called cytokinesis What is meiosis? Is to make haploid gametes and the production of germ cells Photosynthesis is? Precursor to the glucose molecule is produced in a process uses sunlight to synthesize foods from CO2 and H2O Generates oxygen as a byproduct Ribs are attached to the. Sternum A auricle is? A thin pouch in the heart Inspiration is ______ and expiration is? Inspiration = inhale and Expiration = exhale What separates the abdominal and thoracic cavity? Diaphragm The distal convoluted tubule is controlled by. Reabsorbing calcium, sodium, and chloride and regulates the pH of urine by secreting Protons and absorbing bicarbonate Works with hormone aldosterone HCL is a chemical in the stomach, why is it not absorbed or cause harm to the stomach? Mucus linin protects it Largest layer in the heart? Left ventricle What makes colors of the skin? Melanin (we all have the same # of melanocytes, it is the amount of melanin that determines our color) Oxytocin is? Produced by hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary Ligaments are? Bone to bone Tendons are? Bone to muscle Osteocytes are? Bone forming cells From bone to some degree, maintain strength and health of the bone matrix Occupies small chamber called lacuna 4 steps of bone ossification? Hematoma formation, callus formation, ossification, bone remodeling Gallbladder is part of? Digestive system Vastus lateralis extends? Extends and stabilizes the knee Muscle contraction that moves food through digestive tract. Peristalsis Schwann cells are located in. Peripheral nervous system How does nervous system work with muscular system? Tells muscles how to respond to environment Somatic nervous system? Part of PNS associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. Consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerves Autonomic nervous system? Regulates a variety of body process that takes place without conscious effort. Part of the PNS and is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion Which organ system is responsible for regulating muscle growth? Endocrine system How does lymph work with circulatory? Lymph draws excess fluid from cells and deposits it into blood vessels What is the function of parathyroid? Activation of vitamin D What is a normal heartbeat? 72 bpm 120/80 How is pepsin used in the body? Breaks down proteins into smaller peptides It is produced in the stomach and is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive systems Which system produces antibodies? Lymphatic system Blood that has supplied nutrients and oxygen to heart muscle returns to right atrium via? Coronary sinus Blood in the pulmonary veins return to the. Left atrium Diploid has _____ chromosomes? (mitosis) 46 chromosomes Haploid has ______ chromosomes? (meiosis) 23 chromosomes Mitosis produces? 2 diploid cells Meiosis produces? 4 haploid cells Skeletal system function? Protection, movement, mineral storage, production of blood Efferent neurons are? Motor neurons that carry neural impulse AWAY from the CNS and toward muscles to cause movement Afferent neurons are? Sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the CNS and brain Gametes are? Mature haploid male or female germ cell which are able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote Male or female reproductive cell that contains half the genetic material of the organism Are an organism's reproductive cells. They are also referred to as sex cells Female gametes are called ova or egg cells, and male gametes are called sperm Gametes are HPLOID cells (meiosis), and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome What do capillaries do? Carry blood away from body in order to exchange nutrients, oxygen and waste What is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood through the alveoli called? External respiration (exhaling) The exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells is? Internal respiration (inhaling) Most of carbon dioxide in the blood does which of the following? It is converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase within RBC (red blood cells) Ovum can be described as. A mature female reproductive cell and can divide to give rise to an embryo usually only after fertilization by male cell What are the two functions of the male and female sex organs? Production of gametes and production of hormones Which tissues serves as the framework by providing support and structure for organs? Connective tissue What are the glands of the skin that produce a thin, watery secretion? Eccrine glands (aka sweat glands or merocrine gland.) All actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of nerve impulses over which of the following? Neurons Monocytes become? Macrophages Lymphocytes are? White blood cells that are also one of the body’s main types of immune cells They are made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue Defend the body against foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells that can threaten its functioning Neutrophils are? A WBC (white blood cell) that phagocytize microorganisms In order for inhalation to occur. Contraction of diaphragm, which enlarges chest cavity and draws in air What is the functional unit of the kidney? Nephron Where does fertilization occur? Fallopian tubes Cellular contact is important for? Wound healing The most abundant tissue is? Connective tissue