a. male reproductive system
testes – contained in scrotum
- seminiferous tubules
o Interstitial Leydig cells: secrete testosterone – stimulate spermatogenesis
o Sertoli cells – fluid: nourish spermatids & protect from immune system
epididymis: sperm maturation & storage – become motile
vas deferens – carries sperm from epididymis to penis through urethra
accessory glands = semen
seminal vesicle: secretes mucus (into vas deferens) – fructose for respiration for energy
prostate gland (contains ejaculatory duct): secretes zinc-containing prostate fluid
- maintain sperm motility
- nutrients
- alkaline: neutralise acidity of urine & vaginal tract
b. spermatogenesis = spermatozoa – seminiferous tubules (from lining to lumen)
germinal epithelium mitosis = spermatogonia mitosis = primary spermatocytes
primary spermatocytes meiosis 1 = haploid secondary spermatocytes meiosis 2 = haploid spermatids
spermatids spermiogenesis (mature) = spermatozoa
mature sperm cell
- head: haploid nucleus covered by acrosome (proteases to digest corona radiata & zona pellucida)
- middle: mitochondria – ATP for movement
- tail/flagellum: lashing movements for motility
female reproductive system
2 ovaries
fallopian tubes – oviducts
uterus
- endometrium: innermost layer
o mucous membrane – good blood supply
o builds & sheds in menstruation + implantation
cervix: narrow ring of connective tissue & muscle
vagina: muscular – open at vulva
oogenesis = secondary oocytes – ovary
before birth in developing foetus
germinal epithelium mitosis = oogonia mitosis = primary oocytes meiosis 1 ~ prophase 1 until puberty
- surrounded by germinal epithelium mitosis = primary follicle
after puberty – each month
primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 = haploid secondary oocyte + haploid first polar body
(haploid: remove half chromosomes & small: leave most cytoplasm to oocyte)
FSH stimulates primary follicle to develop = secondary follicle = Graafian follicle (1 fully develops per month)
ovulation: Graafian follicle moves to ovary surface + bursts = releases secondary oocyte
secondary oocyte start meiosis 2 ~ stop at metaphase 2 unless fertilised
fertilised: secondary oocyte meiosis 2 = haploid ovum (fuse with sperm) + haploid second polar body
Graafian follicle = corpus luteum + produces progesterone
not: Graafian follicle regresses
secondary oocyte after ovulation
Corona radiata: surrounds – provides nutrients
Zona pellucida: surrounds cell membrane
First polar body extrudes from end
Cortical granules: in cytoplasm periphery – prevents polyspermy
Chromosomes & spindle apparatus from meiosis
testes – contained in scrotum
- seminiferous tubules
o Interstitial Leydig cells: secrete testosterone – stimulate spermatogenesis
o Sertoli cells – fluid: nourish spermatids & protect from immune system
epididymis: sperm maturation & storage – become motile
vas deferens – carries sperm from epididymis to penis through urethra
accessory glands = semen
seminal vesicle: secretes mucus (into vas deferens) – fructose for respiration for energy
prostate gland (contains ejaculatory duct): secretes zinc-containing prostate fluid
- maintain sperm motility
- nutrients
- alkaline: neutralise acidity of urine & vaginal tract
b. spermatogenesis = spermatozoa – seminiferous tubules (from lining to lumen)
germinal epithelium mitosis = spermatogonia mitosis = primary spermatocytes
primary spermatocytes meiosis 1 = haploid secondary spermatocytes meiosis 2 = haploid spermatids
spermatids spermiogenesis (mature) = spermatozoa
mature sperm cell
- head: haploid nucleus covered by acrosome (proteases to digest corona radiata & zona pellucida)
- middle: mitochondria – ATP for movement
- tail/flagellum: lashing movements for motility
female reproductive system
2 ovaries
fallopian tubes – oviducts
uterus
- endometrium: innermost layer
o mucous membrane – good blood supply
o builds & sheds in menstruation + implantation
cervix: narrow ring of connective tissue & muscle
vagina: muscular – open at vulva
oogenesis = secondary oocytes – ovary
before birth in developing foetus
germinal epithelium mitosis = oogonia mitosis = primary oocytes meiosis 1 ~ prophase 1 until puberty
- surrounded by germinal epithelium mitosis = primary follicle
after puberty – each month
primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 = haploid secondary oocyte + haploid first polar body
(haploid: remove half chromosomes & small: leave most cytoplasm to oocyte)
FSH stimulates primary follicle to develop = secondary follicle = Graafian follicle (1 fully develops per month)
ovulation: Graafian follicle moves to ovary surface + bursts = releases secondary oocyte
secondary oocyte start meiosis 2 ~ stop at metaphase 2 unless fertilised
fertilised: secondary oocyte meiosis 2 = haploid ovum (fuse with sperm) + haploid second polar body
Graafian follicle = corpus luteum + produces progesterone
not: Graafian follicle regresses
secondary oocyte after ovulation
Corona radiata: surrounds – provides nutrients
Zona pellucida: surrounds cell membrane
First polar body extrudes from end
Cortical granules: in cytoplasm periphery – prevents polyspermy
Chromosomes & spindle apparatus from meiosis
