ASWB EXAM - HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, DIVERSITY AND BEHAVIOR IN
THE ENVIRONMENT (SECTION 1) QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Social Development -Ans>>Human beings are inherently social
Erikson was interested in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self
Personality develops throughout the life course and looked at identity crises as the focal point for
each stage of human development
Stages of Psychosocial Development (8)
Social development implies a change in social institutions
-social cohesion is enhanced when peaceful and safe environments within neighborhoods and
communities are created
-social accountability exists to the extend that individuals' voices are expressed and heard
-reforms aimed at improving rights and more participatory governance are part of the process by
which institutional change is achieved
Stages of Psychosocial Development -Ans>>8 distinct stages, with two possible outcomes
-successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and successful interactions with
others
-failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages, and
therefore, a more unhealthy personality and sense of self
-these stages can be resolved successfully at a later time
1) Trust vs. Mistrust
-birth to year 1
2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
-ages 1 to 3 years old
3) Initiative vs. Guilt
-ages 3 to age 6
4) Industry vs. Inferiority
-age 6 to puberty
5) Identity vs. Role Confusion
-adolescence (transition from childhood to adulthood)
6) Intimacy vs. Isolation
-young adulthood
7) Generativity vs. Stagnation
-middle adulthood
8) Ego Integrity vs. Despair
-older adulthood
Trust vs. Mistrust -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Birth to 1 year
Children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency of their caregivers
,If trust develops successfully, the child gains confidence and security in the world around them, and is
able to feel secure even when threatened
Unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an ability to trust, and therefore a sense of fear
about the inconsistent world
-may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and feelings of mistrust in the world around them
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Between the ages of 1 and 3 years old
Children begin to assert their independence by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to
play with, and making choices about what they like to wear, eat, etc.
If children are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more
confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world
If criticized, overly controlled or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel
inadequate in their ability to survive
-may become dependent upon others while lacking self-esteem and feeling a sense of shame or
doubt in their own abilities
Initiative vs. Guilt -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Around age 3 and continuing to age 6
Children assert themselves more frequently
-plan activities, make up games, initiate activities with others
If given this opportunity, children will develop a sense of initiative, and feel secure in their ability to
lead others and make decisions
If this tendency is squelched (criticism or control), children develop a sense of guilt
-may feel like nuisances to others and will therefore remain followers, lacking self-initiative
Industry vs. Inferiority -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
From age 6 to puberty
Children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments
-initiate projects, see them through to completion, and feel good about what they have achieved
If encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in
their ability to achieve goals
If restricted and not encouraged, children begin to feel inferior, doubting their abilities and failing to
reach their potential
Identity vs. Role Confusion -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Adolescence
-during this time, the transition from childhood to adulthood is most important
Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future (career, relationships,
families, housing, etc.)
,-explore possibilities and begin to form their own identities based upon the outcome of their
explorations
This sense of who they are can be hindered, which results in a sense of confusion about themselves
and their role in the world
-"I don't know what I want to be when I grow up"
Intimacy vs. Isolation -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Young Adulthood
Individuals begin to share themselves more intimately with others and explore relationships leading
toward longer term commitments with others outside the family
Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety and
care within a relationship
Avoiding intimacy and fearing commitment can lead to isolation, loneliness and sometimes
depression
Generativity vs. Stagnation -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Middle Adulthood
Individuals establish careers, settle down within relationships, begin families, and develop a sense of
being a part of the bigger picture
Give back to society through raising children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in
community activities and organizations
By failing to achieve these objectives, individuals become stagnant and feel unproductive
Ego Integrity vs. Despair -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Older Adulthood
Individuals tend to slow down and explore life as retired people
Contemplate accomplishments and are able to develop a sense of integrity if they are satisfied with
the progression of their lives
If see lives as unproductive and failing to accomplish life goals, they become dissatisfied with life and
develop despair
-often leading to depression and hopelessness
Emotional Development -Ans>>Emotional milestones are harder to pinpoint than signs of physical
development
-emphasizes skills that increase self-awareness and self-regulation
Social skills and emotional development are reflected by the ability to pay attention, make transitions,
and cooperate with others
Play is the true work of childhood
-children are busy learning while playing
-learn that they are liked and fun to be around, which give them the self-confidence they need to
build loving and supportive relationships
, Cognitive Development -Ans>>Development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources,
perceptual skill, language learning and other aspects of brain development
-emergence of the ability to think and understand
Major controversy = the nature vs. nurture questions
-overwhelming evidence shows that its a combination
6 Levels of cognition
-knowledge
-comprehension
-application
-analysis
-synthesis
-evaluation
Ideally, in order for a client to learn, there should be objectives at each of these levels
-clients may have goals to learn in any of the 3 domains of development
3 Domains of Development:
-cognitive
-affective
-psychomotor
Piaget - Theory of Cognitive Development (4 Stages)
Kohlberg - Theory of Moral Development (6 stages)
Learning Theory
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development -Ans>>Piaget - Theory of Cognitive Development (4 Stages)
-his stages address the acquisition of knowledge and how humans come to gradually acquire it
-holds that children learn through interaction with the environment and others
Stage 1 - *Sensorimotor* (age 0-2 years old)
-retains image of objects
-develops primitive logic in manipulating objects
-begins intentional actions
-play is imitative
-signals meaning --> infant invests meaning in event (babysitter arrives means mom is leaving)
-symbol meaning
Stage 2 - *Preoperational* (age 2-7 years old)
-progress form concrete to abstract thinking
-can comprehend past, present, future
-night terrors
-acquires words and symbols
-magical thinking
-thinking is not generalized
-thinking is concrete, irreversible, egocentric
-imaginary friends may emerge during this stage
Stage 3 - *Concrete Operations* (age 7-11 years old)
-beginnings of abstract thought
-plays games with rules
-cause and effect relationship understanding
-logical implications are understood
-thinking is independent of experience
THE ENVIRONMENT (SECTION 1) QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Social Development -Ans>>Human beings are inherently social
Erikson was interested in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self
Personality develops throughout the life course and looked at identity crises as the focal point for
each stage of human development
Stages of Psychosocial Development (8)
Social development implies a change in social institutions
-social cohesion is enhanced when peaceful and safe environments within neighborhoods and
communities are created
-social accountability exists to the extend that individuals' voices are expressed and heard
-reforms aimed at improving rights and more participatory governance are part of the process by
which institutional change is achieved
Stages of Psychosocial Development -Ans>>8 distinct stages, with two possible outcomes
-successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and successful interactions with
others
-failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages, and
therefore, a more unhealthy personality and sense of self
-these stages can be resolved successfully at a later time
1) Trust vs. Mistrust
-birth to year 1
2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
-ages 1 to 3 years old
3) Initiative vs. Guilt
-ages 3 to age 6
4) Industry vs. Inferiority
-age 6 to puberty
5) Identity vs. Role Confusion
-adolescence (transition from childhood to adulthood)
6) Intimacy vs. Isolation
-young adulthood
7) Generativity vs. Stagnation
-middle adulthood
8) Ego Integrity vs. Despair
-older adulthood
Trust vs. Mistrust -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Birth to 1 year
Children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency of their caregivers
,If trust develops successfully, the child gains confidence and security in the world around them, and is
able to feel secure even when threatened
Unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an ability to trust, and therefore a sense of fear
about the inconsistent world
-may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and feelings of mistrust in the world around them
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Between the ages of 1 and 3 years old
Children begin to assert their independence by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to
play with, and making choices about what they like to wear, eat, etc.
If children are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more
confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world
If criticized, overly controlled or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel
inadequate in their ability to survive
-may become dependent upon others while lacking self-esteem and feeling a sense of shame or
doubt in their own abilities
Initiative vs. Guilt -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Around age 3 and continuing to age 6
Children assert themselves more frequently
-plan activities, make up games, initiate activities with others
If given this opportunity, children will develop a sense of initiative, and feel secure in their ability to
lead others and make decisions
If this tendency is squelched (criticism or control), children develop a sense of guilt
-may feel like nuisances to others and will therefore remain followers, lacking self-initiative
Industry vs. Inferiority -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
From age 6 to puberty
Children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments
-initiate projects, see them through to completion, and feel good about what they have achieved
If encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in
their ability to achieve goals
If restricted and not encouraged, children begin to feel inferior, doubting their abilities and failing to
reach their potential
Identity vs. Role Confusion -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Adolescence
-during this time, the transition from childhood to adulthood is most important
Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future (career, relationships,
families, housing, etc.)
,-explore possibilities and begin to form their own identities based upon the outcome of their
explorations
This sense of who they are can be hindered, which results in a sense of confusion about themselves
and their role in the world
-"I don't know what I want to be when I grow up"
Intimacy vs. Isolation -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Young Adulthood
Individuals begin to share themselves more intimately with others and explore relationships leading
toward longer term commitments with others outside the family
Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety and
care within a relationship
Avoiding intimacy and fearing commitment can lead to isolation, loneliness and sometimes
depression
Generativity vs. Stagnation -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Middle Adulthood
Individuals establish careers, settle down within relationships, begin families, and develop a sense of
being a part of the bigger picture
Give back to society through raising children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in
community activities and organizations
By failing to achieve these objectives, individuals become stagnant and feel unproductive
Ego Integrity vs. Despair -Ans>>Erikson - Stages of Psychosocial Development
Older Adulthood
Individuals tend to slow down and explore life as retired people
Contemplate accomplishments and are able to develop a sense of integrity if they are satisfied with
the progression of their lives
If see lives as unproductive and failing to accomplish life goals, they become dissatisfied with life and
develop despair
-often leading to depression and hopelessness
Emotional Development -Ans>>Emotional milestones are harder to pinpoint than signs of physical
development
-emphasizes skills that increase self-awareness and self-regulation
Social skills and emotional development are reflected by the ability to pay attention, make transitions,
and cooperate with others
Play is the true work of childhood
-children are busy learning while playing
-learn that they are liked and fun to be around, which give them the self-confidence they need to
build loving and supportive relationships
, Cognitive Development -Ans>>Development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources,
perceptual skill, language learning and other aspects of brain development
-emergence of the ability to think and understand
Major controversy = the nature vs. nurture questions
-overwhelming evidence shows that its a combination
6 Levels of cognition
-knowledge
-comprehension
-application
-analysis
-synthesis
-evaluation
Ideally, in order for a client to learn, there should be objectives at each of these levels
-clients may have goals to learn in any of the 3 domains of development
3 Domains of Development:
-cognitive
-affective
-psychomotor
Piaget - Theory of Cognitive Development (4 Stages)
Kohlberg - Theory of Moral Development (6 stages)
Learning Theory
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development -Ans>>Piaget - Theory of Cognitive Development (4 Stages)
-his stages address the acquisition of knowledge and how humans come to gradually acquire it
-holds that children learn through interaction with the environment and others
Stage 1 - *Sensorimotor* (age 0-2 years old)
-retains image of objects
-develops primitive logic in manipulating objects
-begins intentional actions
-play is imitative
-signals meaning --> infant invests meaning in event (babysitter arrives means mom is leaving)
-symbol meaning
Stage 2 - *Preoperational* (age 2-7 years old)
-progress form concrete to abstract thinking
-can comprehend past, present, future
-night terrors
-acquires words and symbols
-magical thinking
-thinking is not generalized
-thinking is concrete, irreversible, egocentric
-imaginary friends may emerge during this stage
Stage 3 - *Concrete Operations* (age 7-11 years old)
-beginnings of abstract thought
-plays games with rules
-cause and effect relationship understanding
-logical implications are understood
-thinking is independent of experience
