Anatomy and Physiology Final, study Guide. Graded A

Anatomy and Physiology Final, study Guide Chapter 1 Anterior- Front Lateral- to the side Superior- toward the head Medial- toward the midline Proximal- Closest to the trunk Superficial- Closest to the surface Posterior- Back, behind - Superficial Medial Proximal Posterior Anterior Lateral Superior A. Back, Behind B. Closest to the trunk C. Closest to the surface E. Toward the head F. To the side G. Front D. Toward the midline Chapter 5 Integumentary System- Separates the external and internal environment. The Skin. 20 lbs Skeletal System- Supports, Protects, moves the body, stores minerals. Muscular System- Powers and directs the movement. Stabilizes and maintains posture. Generate heat Nervous System- Regulatory system of external environment. Senses changes integrates info and sends signals to Effectors Endocrine System- Regulates the internal environment by secreting hormones that travel the bloodstream. Cardiovascular System- transports nutrients, water, oxygen, hormones, waste, and other materials Female reproductive system- site of fertilization and early offspring development Respiratory System- Exchange O2 and CO2 between internal and external environment Digestive System- Breaks apart nutrients from the external environment and absorbs them into the internal environment Urinary System- Adjusts internal environment by excreting excess water, salt, wastes, acids and other substances Male Reproductive System- Insures the survival of species rather than the individual. Include testes and sperm. Skeletal A. Gives the movement, mineral storage, and support Muscular B. Site of fertilization and offspring development Integumentary C.Transport nutrients, O2, H2O, hormones and waste Nervous D. Exchange o2 and CO2 between internal and external Endocrine E. Adjust internal env. By excreting excess h2O & salt Cardiovascular F. Breaks apart nutrients from external env. Female Reproductive G. Senses changes and regulates Digestive H.Separates the internal and external env. Urinary I. Powers and directs movement. Generates heat Male Reproductive J. Insures the survival of the species Respiratory K. Regulates the internal and external env. by secreting hormones that travel the bloodstream Chapter 7 Femur- thigh bone Humerus- Arm bone Ulna-Bone on the little finger side of the forearm Fibula- Long slender bone of lateral side of the leg- non weight bearing Zygomatic bone- Cheekbone that helps form orbit Mandible- Lower jaw bone articulates with temporal bone at condyloid process, only bone of skull that moves freely. Carpals- short bones at the upper end of wrist, anatomical wrist Metatarsals- form part of the foot to which the toes are attached Patella- Knee cap, large sesamoid bone Ribs- 12 pairs of ribs, attached posteriorly to a thoracic vertebrae Phalanges- Toe bones, three in each of the smaller toes and two in the big toes Sternum- Breastbone, shaped like a dagger, bottom- xiphoid process and top- manubrium Stapes- Ear bone- means “stirrup” shape of bone. Femur A.Thigh bone Humerus B. Bone in ear, shaped like stirrup Stapes C. Bone on the little finger side of arm Sternum D. Breastbone, shaped like dagger Ribs E. Attached to thoracic vertebrae Ulna F. Bones of wrist Fibula G. Bones of foot Phalanges H. Lower Jawbone Zygomatic Bone I. Knee Patella J. Upper arm bone Mandible K. Toes Carpals L. Cheek bone Metatarsals M. Non-weight bearing leg bone. Chapter 8 Flexion- to pull in, flex your bicep Extension- to extend your arm Abduction- move your arm out like a bird Adduction- Move your arm to your body Supination- open your hand out- palm up Pronation- palm face down Dorsiflexion- Toe Up Plantar flexion- Toe Down Inversion- Outside of foot down. Eversion- Little toe up Eversion A. Toe up Flexion B. Toe down Extension C. Outside of foot down Inversion D. Palm face down Abduction E. Flex your bicep Plantar Flexion F. Extend your arm Adduction G. Palm up Dorsiflexion H. Move your to body Supination I. Move your arm out, away from body Pronation J. Little toe up Chapter 10 Tympanic Membrane- a partition between the external and middle ear Malleus- hammer, ear ossicle, middle ear Stapes- stirrup, ear ossicle, middle ear Semicircular canal- fluid filled tube in the inner ear Endolymph- thick fluid Perilymph- odd-shaped bony space is filled with a water fluid Organ of Corti- the vibration waves now travel through the fluid of the inner ear to the organ of hearing; spiral organ Oval window- separates the middle ear from the inner ear Pinna- the auricle; the external acoustic canal; the auricle is the appendage on the side of the head surrounding the opening of the external acoustic canal Auditory tube- eustachian tube; connects the throat with the middle ear Tympanic Membrane A. Connects Throat & Middle Ear Stapes B. Odd-shaped space filled with watery fluid Malleus C. Vibration travels through this spiral organ Endolymph D. Separates middle & inner ear Semicircular Canal E. Thick fluid Perilymph F. Fluid filled tube in inner ear Oval Window G. External acoustic canal Organ of Corti H. Ear ossicle, Hammer Pinna I. Partition between middle & external ear Auditory Tube J. Ear ossicle, Stirrup Chapter 12 Hematocrit- component of the CBC provides information about the volume of RBCs in a blood sample Anemia- used to describe a number of different disease conditions caused by an inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the body cells Sickle cell- is a genetic disease that results in the formation of limited amounts of an abnormal types of globin cells sickle hemoglobin or hemoglobin S Polycythemia- bone marrow produces an excess of RBCs Rh factor- Erythroblastosis fetalis- if the mother later carries another Rh-positive fetus, it may develop a type of hemolytic anemia;caused by the mother’s Rh antibodies reacting with the baby’s Rh-positive cells Leukocytosis- refers to abnormally high WBC count Leukopenia- is used to describe an abnormally low WBC count Fibrinogen- normal plasma protein Phagocytosis- to engulf a large particle Thrombosis- when a thrombus stays in places Anemia Thrombosis Phagocytosis Fibrinogen Hematocrit Sickle Cell Leukopenia