SUMMERY BBS1004
2022/2023
By Kim Staats
INHOUDSOPGAVE
Case 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Case 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 13
Case 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 23
Case 4 .................................................................................................................................................... 31
Case 5 .................................................................................................................................................... 38
Case 6 .................................................................................................................................................... 46
Case 7 .................................................................................................................................................... 52
Case 8 .................................................................................................................................................... 57
Case 9 .................................................................................................................................................... 70
Case 10 .................................................................................................................................................. 74
Case 11 .................................................................................................................................................. 79
Case 12 .................................................................................................................................................. 85
Case 13 .................................................................................................................................................. 92
,CASE 1
PS: What is the organisation and function of the brain?
Learning goals:
1. How is the brain organized?
a. Macroscopic
b. Microscopic
2. What is the function of (these parts of) the brain?
__________________________________________________________________________
1. Organization of the brain
a. Macroscopic
The first division of the brain is: brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebrum.
• Brainstem = middle part of the brain which connects the cerebrum with the spinal
cord. The brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.
o Midbrain (mesencephalon) = there are different
neuron clusters, neural pathways and other structures
in the midbrain. The midbrain has another part, the
substantia nigra, which is an area that is affected by
Parkinson’s disease. It is rich in dopamine neurons
and part of the basal ganglia.
o Pons = origin for four of the twelve cranial nerves.
The pons is the connection between the midbrain and
the medulla.
o Medulla = place where the brain meets the spinal cord. The medulla is
essential for survival. Why this is will be discussed in LG2.
• Cerebellum = small portion of the brain at the back of the head above the brainstem.
It has two hemispheres which are connected by the vermis, a narrow midline area.
The cerebellum also consists of grey and white matter.
One way of dividing the cerebellum is anatomically, the anterior lobe, posterior lobe
and flocculonodular lobe. The lobes are divided by the primary and posterolateral
fissure.
, You can also divide the cerebellum in zones: vermis, intermediate zone and lateral
hemisphere.
The last division is based on function, the three functional areas are:
cerebrocerebellum, spinocerebellum and the vestibulocerebellum. The functions of
these areas will be described in LG2.
• Cerebrum = largest part of the brain. It is made from grey matter and white matter
(see LG1b). The cerebrum can also be divided into several “lobes”.
Cerebral cortex = outer gray matter covering the
cerebrum. It has a large surface area because of its folds. It
is divided into two hemispheres, right and left. It is covered
with gyri (ridges) and sulci (folds).
The interhemispheric fissure/medial longitudinal fissure
separates the two hemispheres from front to back.
Corpus callosum = C-shaped structure of white matter and
nerve pathways through which the two hemispheres
communicate.
Each hemisphere has four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.
Another way of dividing the brain is using developmental division. This roughly organizes the
brain into three regions: prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain) and
rhombencephalon (hindbrain).
, • Prosencephalon (forebrain) = largest part of the brain. It can be further divided into
two more zones:
o Telencephalon = cerebrum
o Diencephalon = limbic system
Limbic system = thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia,
hippocampus and amygdala.
▪ Thalamus = grey matter structure located near the centre of the brain.
▪ Hypothalamus = located at the base of the brain.
▪ Pituitary gland = small, pea-sized endocrine gland which is part of the
endocrine system. It sits in its own chamber called the sella turcica.
▪ Basal ganglia = group of structures: caudate nucleus, putamen,
globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic
nucleus. (More in LG1b)
▪ Hippocampus = sea-horse shaped structure
located in the inner region of the temporal lobe.
▪ Amygdala = almond shaped set of neurons.
• Mesencephalon (midbrain) = lies on top of the brainstem. There are three parts to
the midbrain:
o Colliculi
o Tegmentum
o Cerebral peduncles
• Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) = located at the back of the head and looks like an
extension of the spinal cord. It contains the medulla oblongata,
pons and cerebellum (collectively known as brainstem).
o Myencephalon = cerebellum, pons.
o Metencephalon = medulla oblongata.
2022/2023
By Kim Staats
INHOUDSOPGAVE
Case 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Case 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 13
Case 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 23
Case 4 .................................................................................................................................................... 31
Case 5 .................................................................................................................................................... 38
Case 6 .................................................................................................................................................... 46
Case 7 .................................................................................................................................................... 52
Case 8 .................................................................................................................................................... 57
Case 9 .................................................................................................................................................... 70
Case 10 .................................................................................................................................................. 74
Case 11 .................................................................................................................................................. 79
Case 12 .................................................................................................................................................. 85
Case 13 .................................................................................................................................................. 92
,CASE 1
PS: What is the organisation and function of the brain?
Learning goals:
1. How is the brain organized?
a. Macroscopic
b. Microscopic
2. What is the function of (these parts of) the brain?
__________________________________________________________________________
1. Organization of the brain
a. Macroscopic
The first division of the brain is: brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebrum.
• Brainstem = middle part of the brain which connects the cerebrum with the spinal
cord. The brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.
o Midbrain (mesencephalon) = there are different
neuron clusters, neural pathways and other structures
in the midbrain. The midbrain has another part, the
substantia nigra, which is an area that is affected by
Parkinson’s disease. It is rich in dopamine neurons
and part of the basal ganglia.
o Pons = origin for four of the twelve cranial nerves.
The pons is the connection between the midbrain and
the medulla.
o Medulla = place where the brain meets the spinal cord. The medulla is
essential for survival. Why this is will be discussed in LG2.
• Cerebellum = small portion of the brain at the back of the head above the brainstem.
It has two hemispheres which are connected by the vermis, a narrow midline area.
The cerebellum also consists of grey and white matter.
One way of dividing the cerebellum is anatomically, the anterior lobe, posterior lobe
and flocculonodular lobe. The lobes are divided by the primary and posterolateral
fissure.
, You can also divide the cerebellum in zones: vermis, intermediate zone and lateral
hemisphere.
The last division is based on function, the three functional areas are:
cerebrocerebellum, spinocerebellum and the vestibulocerebellum. The functions of
these areas will be described in LG2.
• Cerebrum = largest part of the brain. It is made from grey matter and white matter
(see LG1b). The cerebrum can also be divided into several “lobes”.
Cerebral cortex = outer gray matter covering the
cerebrum. It has a large surface area because of its folds. It
is divided into two hemispheres, right and left. It is covered
with gyri (ridges) and sulci (folds).
The interhemispheric fissure/medial longitudinal fissure
separates the two hemispheres from front to back.
Corpus callosum = C-shaped structure of white matter and
nerve pathways through which the two hemispheres
communicate.
Each hemisphere has four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.
Another way of dividing the brain is using developmental division. This roughly organizes the
brain into three regions: prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain) and
rhombencephalon (hindbrain).
, • Prosencephalon (forebrain) = largest part of the brain. It can be further divided into
two more zones:
o Telencephalon = cerebrum
o Diencephalon = limbic system
Limbic system = thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia,
hippocampus and amygdala.
▪ Thalamus = grey matter structure located near the centre of the brain.
▪ Hypothalamus = located at the base of the brain.
▪ Pituitary gland = small, pea-sized endocrine gland which is part of the
endocrine system. It sits in its own chamber called the sella turcica.
▪ Basal ganglia = group of structures: caudate nucleus, putamen,
globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic
nucleus. (More in LG1b)
▪ Hippocampus = sea-horse shaped structure
located in the inner region of the temporal lobe.
▪ Amygdala = almond shaped set of neurons.
• Mesencephalon (midbrain) = lies on top of the brainstem. There are three parts to
the midbrain:
o Colliculi
o Tegmentum
o Cerebral peduncles
• Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) = located at the back of the head and looks like an
extension of the spinal cord. It contains the medulla oblongata,
pons and cerebellum (collectively known as brainstem).
o Myencephalon = cerebellum, pons.
o Metencephalon = medulla oblongata.
