Control and Coordination Final Exam 2023

Control and Coordination Final Exam Past selection to reappear in the coming examination What process does our body use to regulate the internal condition in the body - Answer-Homeostasis Why is it important to make sure your body is kept at the right conditions even when the external enviroment changes? - Answer-because your cells need the right conditions in order to function properly, including the right conditions for enzyme reaction What are the two body systems resposible for homeostasis - Answer-nervous system and endocrine system State what changes eve's body will experience as she is running a marathon? - Answer--the rate at which her body cells respire increases -heart rate/breathing rate/breath volume increases to supply her muscles with more oxygenated blood -her muscles cells break down glucose to release the energy she needs -thermal energy increases in order to get evaporated so she can cool down (evaporation with take heat energy with it) what is normal body temperature? - Answer-37 degrees Celsius , human brain is very sensitive to changes in temperature what changes the internal conditions? - Answer-processes within body and as external conditions change TRUE OR FALSE? The control systems involved in homeostasis are 'automatic' - they happen all the time or if conditions change - we do not have to think about taking any action. - Answer-true what is nervous system - Answer-uses electrical impulses to communicate. Its rapid and short duration, carried in nerves what is endocrine system? - Answer-uses chemical molecules (hormone) to communicate, Slower bu acts for longer, carried in the blood to all organs another name for endocrine system? - Answer-hormonal communication system what things are controlled by homeostasis? - Answer--body temperature -blood glucose -water content What are the 3 main components that make up control systems like the nervous system and endocrine? - Answer--receptors, coordination centre and effectors: they all work together to maintain a steady condition Nervous system 2 roles - Answer-Our nervous system enables us to detect our surroundings, and coordinate our behaviour. Negative feedback - Answer-ur automatic control system keep your internal enviroment stable using a mechanism called negative feedback. when level of something (water or temp) gets too high or too low, your body uses negative feedback to bring it back to normal what is stimulus - Answer-is a change in the enviroment Receptor - Answer-detects a stimulus eg skin cell, taste cell, light receptors (in eye) coordination centre - Answer-receives and processes the info then organise a response eg brain spinal cord and neurons effector - Answer-produces a response which counteracts the change and restores the optimum level What is the opposite problem that negative feedback might cause? - Answer-that the effectors just carry on producing the responses for as long as they are stimulated by coordination centre. This might make the level change too much but luckily the receptor detects if the levels becomes too different and negative feedback starts again. WHAT are the two parts of nervous system? - Answer--central nervous system (CNS) -peripheral nervous system (PNS) what does CNS INCLUNDE? - Answer--brain and spinal cord. It is connected to the body by sensory neurons and motor neurons (and relay neuron which connect these two neurones) -what does PNS include? - Answer-nerves leading to and from the brain and spinal cord sensory neurons - Answer-the neurons that carry info as electrical impulses from receptors to the CNS Motor neurons - Answer-neurons that carry electrical impulses from CNS to effectors Effectors 2 types - Answer-muscles (contracts in repose to a nervous impulse) and glands (secrete hormones) which respond to nervous impulses true or false? CNS is a coordination centre - Answer-true how does ur body regulate when your temperature increases? - Answer--effectors are responsible for this -When your temperature increases, you get hot. Arteries that supply capillaries near surface dilate meaning more blood travels through capillaries (near surface). This allows the heat from skin to radiate from skins surface. This then effects blood by making it cooler (called vasodilation) -sweat produced = by sweat glands = evaporates and takes thermal energy with it =cools its down how does ur body regulate when your temperature decreases? - Answer--If your body temperature decreases, your arteries constrict (contract) meaning less blood flowing in capillary therefore less heat will be escaping the skin's surface. (vasoconstriction) -You might also shiver via your muscles contracting and relaxing rapidly. You get warmer because your body respires more (exothermic) which means heat is given. -hairs stand up on end = insulate layer of air -no sweat produced TRUE OR FASLE? neurons are just another word for nerve cells - Answer-true adaptations of neurones - Answer--extended shape so that they can carry nerve impulses from one part of the body to another -Neurones also have fine branches at their tips to communicate with other neurones. -dentries have big surface area in order to branch out and connect with as many other nerve cells and forming a network of nerve cells around body -myth shelin as insulator and increases transmission sense organs - Answer-detect changes in our environment (stimuli) Give examples of sense organs - Answer--nose, eyes, ears, tongue, skin What are receptor cells in this organ and the stimuli that they detect: nose - Answer-smell (chemical) and they detect chemicals in the air What are receptor cells in this organ and the stimuli that they detect: eyes - Answer-light is the receptor cells and they detect light What are receptor cells in this organ and the stimuli that they detect: ears - Answer-receptor cells are balance and sound. They detect sound and position of the head What are receptor cells in this organ and the stimuli that they detect: togue - Answer-receptor cells are taste (chemical) and they detect chemicals in food What are receptor cells in this organ and the stimuli that they detect: skin - Answer-receptor cells are touch and temperature and they detect pressure, touch, pain and temperature receptors meaning - Answer-each sense organ contains specialised cells called receptor cells. each receptor cells is sensitive to specific stimuli how do neurons carry information - Answer-as electrical impulses neurons parts diagram - Answer- What are common cell body that neurons are made off (same components as other cells in our body) - Answer-nucleus and cell membrane 3 types of neurones? - Answer--sensory neurone -relay neurone -motor neurone Central nervous system when small bird is seen eating some seeds and cat starts to approach it - Answer-1) stimulus = eye receptor 2) sensory neurons carry the information from receptor to CNS 3) cns decides what to do about it 4)cns sends info to the muscles in birds wings along motor neurones this is the response 5) muscles contract and flies away what is a synapse - Answer-The connection between two neurones How is the nerve signal transferred across a synapse? - Answer-transferred by chemicals which diffuse across gap -these chemicals then set off a new electrical signal in next neurone 1. electrical impulse is set at one neurone s little sacs to fuse at the end of neurone which contain tiny neuronetransmitters neuronetransmitters released to gap - synapse at high conc to low conc = diffusion 4. they attach to the chemical recpetor of next neurone 5. new electrical impulse is generated Adrenaline - Answer-A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress = gives body extra energy = eg shock What are reflexes? - Answer--rapid -automatic -response to stimuli -don't involve the conscious part of brain -reduce chance of injury/damage -can go through spinal cord or unconscious part of brain what is reflect ARC? - Answer-passage of information in reflex from receptor to effector without the need of conscious part of brain Describe reflex arc of when bee stings you? - Answer-1) this process involves neurons going through unconscious part of the brain or spinal cord 2) When stimulus is detected by receptor cell, impulses are sent along sensory neurons to relay neurones in CNS 3) when impulses reach a synapse between sensory and relay = trigger chemicals to be released and these diffuse through it = cause impulses to be send along relay neurone 4) when impulses reaches a synapse between relay neurone and motor = chemical released and diffused = causes impulse to be sent across motor neurone 5)motor neuron to effector = muscle contraction or release of chemical benefit of reflex arc response over normal CNS conscious response? - Answer--quicker because signal/neuron pathway is alot shorter Job of relay is to connect.... - Answer-sensory to motor brain is responsible for.... - Answer-complex behaviour -controls and coordinates everything eg breathing and sleeping etc whats brain made up of? - Answer-billions of interconnected neurones Name all 4 different regions of brain? - Answer--cerebral cortex (front) -medulla (front) -cerebellum (back) -spinal cord (back) Cerebral cortex position and job - Answer--outer wrinky bit -responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory and language Medulla - Answer-at the base -controls unconscious activities like -breathing -heartbeat Cerebellum - Answer--muscle coordination: Balance and coordination and movement Spinal cords - Answer-controls reflexes and brings impulses from the nerves to the brain 3 ways scientists study the brain? - Answer--studying patients with brain damage -electrically stimulating the brain -mri scans