Nurs 231 Pathophys Final Exam

NURS 231 PATHOPHYS FINAL EXAM A bodybuilder's muscles will display hyperplasia. Ans- False Barrett esophagus is an example of dysplasia Ans- false hypertrophy is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the number of cells Ans- True Lack of nerve stimulation can cause cells to atrophy Ans- True proportion of people with a disease who are positive for the disease Ans- sensitivity how likely the same result will occur if repeated Ans- reliability how a tool measures what it is intended to measure Ans- validity people without the disease who are negative on a given test Ans- specificity Which is NOT true of the cytoskeleton? Ans- it includes peroxisomes and proteasomes Which of the following are true of the cell? Select all that apply. Ans- 1: Proteins carry out the functions of the cell membrane 2:Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell 3:Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply. Ans- 1: Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within 2:Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells 3: Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation Which are false of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. Ans- 1: They are found far from the site of energy consumption. 2:They control free radicals. High blood pressure is an example of which of the following? Ans- pathophysiology A patient complains of chest pain and an elevated blood pressure. What are these examples of? Anssigns and symptoms Which of the following is true of a test's sensitivity? Ans- If negative, it can safely be assumed that the person does not have a disease Chemical agents (poison, alcohol) are examples of which of the following? Ans- Etiologic factors Define tertiary prevention and give an example: Ans- Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce complications or deterioration. One example is the use of certain medications one must take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death. Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis. Ans- In dry gangrene the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid. Explain what necrosis is and give an example and description of one type of necrosis. Ans- necrosis is cell death to an organ or tissue with still being apart of a living person. An example of this would be luiquefactive necrosis. this is when the cells die and the catalytic enzymes do not get destroyed after the cells death. This could cause necrosis sunburn Ans- radiation injury obesity Ans- nutritional imbalances reactive oxygen species Ans- free radical injury low oxygen to tissues Ans- hypoxic cell injury fractures Ans- physical agents OTC drugs Ans- Chemical injury hypothermia Ans- physical agents radiation treatment Ans- radiation injury lead toxicity Ans- chemical injury bacteria Ans- biologic agents List the 4 types of tissue found in the body. Pick 2 and give a description and example of each. AnsEpithelial tissue- covers the body's outer surface, it is avascular and gets its o2 from the capillaries found in the neighboring connective tissues, and example of this is simple squamous tissue which means one layer of thin cells. Muscular tissue Nervous tissue- is found all throughout the body, helps with communication between tissues and the central nervous system. it aids in the functions of the body due to internal and external stimuli, helps with movement, and electrical signaling. neurons are an example of this, they aid in communicating to other cells in the body, they are held and supported by glial cells. Connective tissue What term means "cell eating" and engulfs and then kills microorganisms or other particulate matter? Ans- Phagocytosis What is the term to describe when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient? Ans- Active transport Give one function of a membrane potential: Ans- Generate nerve impulse, muscle contractions, or cause hormone secretion What is the term that best describes the following process? A transport protein aiding a lipid insoluble or large molecule across the cell membrane that would otherwise not be able to pass through on its own. Ans- facilitated diffusion Blood tests for tumor markers can make a diagnosis of cancer. Why or why not? Ans- False, only tissue can diagnose. Tumor markers are helpful to assess response to therapy or reoccurrence. Tissue biopsy is of critical importance in what role? Ans- Diagnosing the correct cancer and histology. Explain the TNM system: Ans- T is the size and local spread of the primary tumor. N is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes. M is the extent of the metastatic involvemen