NCE Exam: Lifestyle and Career Development. Top exam Questions with accurate answers, rated A+

NCE Exam: Lifestyle and Career Development. Top exam Questions with accurate answers, rated A+ Over ___% of marriages are dual-earner marriages. - -54 (Around 60% when looking at marriages with children. In 1950, it was 20.4%.) Studies suggest how many workers snare a job based on chance factors? - -1 in 5 What ____% of all college students have career difficulties? - -50 (of all college students) What are 're-entry women'? - -Women who have made the transition from homemaker to jobs outside the home. Displaced homemaker - -A woman with children who was a homemaker but is currently in need of work to support her family. What is meant by the term 'glass ceiling'? - -Suggests women are limited in terms of how far they can advance in the workforce; is a form of occupational gender role stereotyping that can limit a woman's careers. Women now compromise _____% of the workforce; approximately ____ ______ workers. - -46%, 69 million John O. Crites - -Feels the need for career counseling exceeds the need for therapy. Victor Vroom's Motivation and Management Expectancy Theory - -suggests employee performance is influenced by: valance (rewards such as money, promotion, or satisfaction), expectancy (what am I capable of doing?), and instrumentality (will management come through with promised rewards?) Vocational guidance - -A developmental and educational process within a school system. Career counseling - -A therapeutic service for adults with occupational goals that is performed outside the educational setting. A Bachelor's degree - -on average, this boosts yearly income by $10,000 over that of worker with a high school diploma. ____% of workers have a high school diploma. - -75% "Changing View of Work" - -indicates that in the past, work was seen as drudgery, while today it is viewed as a vehicle to express our identity, self-esteem, and status. Which ethnic group has the highest % of Bachelor's degrees? - -Asians followed by Caucasians, African Americans, and Hispanics Leisure time - -is time away from work where the individual has freedom to choice what he/she would like to do. Career is sometimes defined as - -the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure. Avocation - -A leisure activity one engages in for pleasure rather than money. Dual-career families - -have less leisure time than single-career families. (Note the up-and-coming specialty, "leisure counseling") Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 - -states women should have equal work opportunities and equal job pay. 80% Four-fifths Rule - -Used to determine discrimination selection processes. The hiring rate for minorities is divided by the hiring rate for non-minorities, and the result must be 80% or greater. Adverse impact - -occurs if the quotient from the Four-fifths Rule is less than 80%. Differential validity - -a test is valid for one group, but less or totally invalid for another Trait-and-factor theory - -Assumes through testing, one's personality can be matched to an occupation geared toward those traits. -Considered 1st major and most durable theory of career choice. (Computer-based career programs often adhere to this model.) Profile matching - -A job candidate's personality or skills are matched to that of successful workers. Elementary school counselors - -The only organized profession to work with individuals from a preventative and developmental viewpoint. Trait-and-factor model - -Matches worker and work environment (job factors), and has the viewpoint there is one 'best' career for a person. (Also known as actuarial or matching approach. Classified as structural or grounded in 'differential psychology' (i.e., study of individual differences). Edmund Griffith Williamson - -Chief spokesperson for Minnesota Viewpoint, a group that expanded upon Parson's model of career counseling, and which transcended vocational issues. Purportedly used the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales. What population are the most popular career theories based on? - -Middle-class or upper middle-class white males who are heterosexual and not disabled. Parsons, Williamson, and Patterson - -Three big names in trait-and-factor theory. Assumed a person's traits can be measured so accurately that the choice of occupation need only be a one-time process. Actuarial approach (also trait-and-factor model) - -Asserts testing is an important part of the process, and a counselor can match the person with the appropriate job. Fails to take into account an individual's changes through their lifespan. Parson's 3 steps to implement trait-and-factor model - -Knowledge of self, aptitudes, and interests Knowledge of jobs, including advantages/disadvantages Matching the individual with the work "Choosing a Vocation" - -Landmark book written by Frank Parsons in 1909. Frank Parsons - -The Father of vocational guidance. Developmental approaches (to career counseling) - -delineate stages or specify vocational choice in terms of a process which can change throughout the lifespan. Anne Roe - -suggested a personality approach to career based on the premise that a job satisfied an unconscious need. Proposed needs which are satisfied don't become unconscious motivators Higher order needs disappear even if rarely satisfied but lower order needs (i.e., safety) will be the major concern and needs satisfied after a long delay become unconscious motivators First career specialist to utilize a 2 dimensional system of occupational classification by looking at fields and levels. - -Anne Roe Roe's 8 occupational fields - -service business contract organizations technology outdoor science general culture arts/entertainment Roe's 6 levels of occupational skill - -professional and managerial 1 professional and managerial 2 semiprofessional/small business skilled semiskilled unskilled Roe's 3 basic parenting styles - -Overprotective Avoidant Acceptant Depending on which, the child will develop a personality which gravitates toward or away from people. Roe's theory is similar to Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in what way? - -Lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs. Roe's theory is supported somewhat by which assessments? - -Rorschach and the TAT. (Memory device: Roe begins with R, Rorschach begins with R, TAT is also subjective test) In terms of genetics, Roe's theory asserts - -genetics help determine intelligence and education, therefore influencing career choice. Career choice is influenced by genetics, parent-child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, personal interests, education, and intelligence. Job - -A given position or similar positions within an organization. (most specific) Occupation - -Similar jobs occupied via different people in different settings. (broader than job) Career - -A person's lifetime positions plus leisure. (broadest category) Edwin Bordin - -Analyzed career choice using the unconscious mind. A.A. Brill - -Emphasized sublimation as an ego-defense mechanism in career counseling. John Holland - -His work is today's most popular career choice approach. Developed Self-Directed Search (SDS) instrument to measure 6 personality types Holland's 4 assumptions - --6 basic personality types -most work environments correspond to 6 personality types -people search out an agreeable environment -the individual's behavior is determined by interaction of personality and environment Holland's 6 personality types - -Artistic Social Realistic Investigative Conventional Enterprising (memory device, "AS RICE") Roe, Brill, and Holland - -Classified as personality (or structural) theorists. Holland's 'social' type - -People who prefer to solve problems using interpersonal skills and feelings. Holland's 'enterprising' type - -People who like to sell to others or perform leadership tasks (i.e., Vice Prez of USA) A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's _____ typology? - -Realistic Holland's 'investigative' type - -People who like to think their way through a problem. (i.e., scientist, engineer, mathematician, philosopher) Holland's 'artistic' type - -People who tend to shun conformity as well as structure; emphasis on self-expression. A bookkeeper or clerical worker would primarily fit into Holland's ______ typology? - -Conventional Holland's 'conventional' type - -People who value conformity, structure, rules, and feel comfortable in a subordinate role. (i.e., statisticians, bank clerks) [Memory device: Conventional & Conformity both begin with C] Holland's theory of career development is a _________-based approach of ____ _____. - -Personality, career choice Holland believed that most people are not pure personality types and thus can be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI). - -... Which model is the Strong Interest Inventory based upon? - -John Holland's Holland believed a given occupation will tend to attract ____ with ________ _____________. - -Persons with similar personalities Holland and Roe agree that early childhood development influences _____ _______ _________. - -Adult personality characteristics Hoppock's theory is based on the work of ______ and is a personality approach like Holland's. - -Henry Murray - created the "needs-press" theory and the TAT projective test. ___________ ______ ______ view career choice as an ongoing or longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. - -Developmental career theorists (pioneers were Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, and Herma) Until _____, the trait-and-factor model of career counseling was king. - -1950 Ginzberg and colleagues now believe development of career choice is three things: - --process continues through life span -career choice decisions continue through life span -career choice is irreversible Ginzberg and associates identified three stages of career development: - --fantasy (birth to age 11) -tentative (11 to 17) realistic (age 17 to early 20s) Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, and Herma - -Developmental career theorists Believed career choice is irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. Most popular developmental career theorists - -Donald Super Super emphasizes ___ ___________. - -the self-concept (i.e., individual chooses career which allows self-concept to be expressed) (Memory: Super and Self begin with S) Donald Super's 5 stages of career development - -Growth (birth to age 14) Exploration (15-24) Establishment (24-44) Maintenance (44-64) Decline (65+) (memory: GEE MD) Developmental career theories (like Super's) emphasize __________ career-related behavior. - -longitudinal