Chapter_05

Chapter 05 Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following phenomena was found to be common among patients who reported being abducted by aliens? A) REM sleep behaviour disorder B) Sleep paralysis C) Lucid dreaming D) Night terrors Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-01 Topic: Consciousness—Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry [Introduction] Skill: Factual Objective: Introduction Answer: B) Sleep paralysis 2. Which sleep phenomenon is associated with the strange feeling of being unable to move just after falling asleep or immediately upon awakening? A) Lucid dreaming B) REM sleep behaviour disorder C) Narcolepsy D) Sleep paralysis Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-02 Topic: Consciousness—Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry [Introduction] Skill: Factual Objective: Introduction Answer: D) Sleep paralysis 3. Eric had a dream where he reported feeling strapped down and unable to move or survey much of his surroundings. He thought he was abducted by aliens, but if he were from a different culture he would likely attribute the experience to ghosts or witches. What is the most likely explanation for Eric's experience? A) hypnosis. B) sleep paralysis. C) an out-of-body experience. D) dissociation. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-03 Topic: Consciousness—Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry [Introduction] Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: Intro Answer: B) sleep paralysis. 4. One's mental perspective and personal understanding of the world are what psychologists refer to as A) sensation. B) motivation. C) consciousness. D) perception. 1 contact: Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-04 Topic: Consciousness—Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry [Introduction] Skill: Factual Objective: Intro Answer: C) consciousness. 5. What term do psychologists use to describe our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts? A) Thinking B) Consciousness C) Conscience D) Cognition Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-05 Topic: Consciousness—Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry [Introduction] Skill: Factual Objective: Intro Answer: B) Consciousness 6. Consciousness is the A) state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes. B) subjective awareness of ourselves and the environment. C) memory of personally experienced events. D) intentional recollection of an item of information. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-06 Topic: Consciousness—Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry [Introduction] Skill: Factual Objective: Intro Answer: B) subjective awareness of ourselves and the environment. 7. Our subjective awareness of various mental processes, such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating, is called A) consciousness. B) creativity. C) intelligence. D) self-awareness. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-07 Topic: Consciousness—Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry [Introduction] Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: Intro Answer: A) consciousness. 8. Other species of animals don't sleep for long periods of time the way that humans do. Which of the following adaptations is used by dolphins and some other species, but not by humans? A) going without sleep entirely B) having one hemisphere asleep but the other awake C) remaining fully aware during deep sleep 2 D) sleeping while others keep watch Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-08 Topic: Consciousness—Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry [Introduction] Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: Intro Answer: B) having one hemisphere asleep but the other awake 9. Harley appears to be in a coma as all of his voluntary muscles are paralyzed, yet he is actually awake and alert even though he cannot speak or move. What condition does Harley have? A) sleep paralysis. B) locked-in syndrome. C) a persistent vegetative state. D) dissociation. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-09 Topic: Consciousness—Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry [Introduction] Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: Intro Answer: B) locked-in syndrome. 10. Some people say that they spend more than half of their waking lives in vivid daydreams or fantasies. Which term is used for people with this experience? A) fantasy-prone personality B) sleep apnea C) somnambulist D) dissociative Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-10 Topic: Consciousness—Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry [Introduction] Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: Intro Answer: A) fantasy-prone personality 11. We spend the greatest amount of time engaged in which altered state of consciousness? A) Sleeping B) Out-of-body experiences C) Dreaming D) Under the influence of drugs Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-11 Topic: The Biology of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: A) Sleeping 12. A circadian cycle is about __________ hours long. A) 24 3 B) 12 C) 6 D) 5 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-12 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1 Answer: A) 24 13. What is the term for a biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long? A) circannual B) circadian C) diurnal D) ultradian Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-13 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: B) circadian 14. Our sleep–wake cycle follows which type of rhythm? A) infradian B) diurnal C) circadian D) ultradian Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-14 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: C) circadian 15. When we feel drowsy late at night, it is the result of 20 000 neurons located in the ______________________ within our hypothalamus. A) thalamus. B) cerebellum. C) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). D) amygdala. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-15 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1a Answer: C) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). 16. Which brain region is also known as your 'biological clock'? 4 A) thalamus B) pituitary gland C) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) D) hippocampus Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-16 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: C) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 17. Which hormone triggers feelings of sleepiness? A) testosterone B) oxytocin C) cortisol D) melatonin Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-17 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1a Answer: D) melatonin 18. Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located? A) Thalamus B) Cerebellum C) Basal ganglia D) Hypothalamus Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-18 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: D) Hypothalamus 19. Circadian rhythms are controlled by the A) pineal gland. B) suprachiasmatic nucleus. C) thalamus. D) hippocampus. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-19 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: B) suprachiasmatic nucleus. 20. The hormone __________ is involved in triggering feelings of sleepiness and tends to increase after dark. 5 A) serotonin B) testosterone C) estrogen D) melatonin Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-20 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: D) melatonin 21. The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the A) morning. B) early evening. C) afternoon. D) night. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-21 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: D) night. 22. Melatonin is a A) stimulant. B) hormone. C) depressant. D) neurotransmitter. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-22 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: B) hormone. 23. Melatonin is to __________ as opiates are to __________. A) nausea; nightmares B) insomnia; pain C) nightmares; blood clots D) apnea; nausea Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-23 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1a Answer: B) insomnia; pain 24. Jim has just taken a flight from Vancouver to Halifax, which is a four-hour time difference. He finds he falls 6 asleep easily when he arrives, but when he wakes up the next morning at 8:00 a.m., he is exhausted as it feels like 4:00 a.m. to him. What is the likely source of disruption to Jim's circadian rhythm? A) Melatonin drift B) Jet lag C) Sleep paralysis D) Insomnia Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-24 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1a Answer: B) Jet lag 25. Research has demonstrated a correlation between sleep patterns and academic success. Which of the following sleep patterns is associated with success in school? A) go to bed late and get up early. B) go to bed late and get up late. C) go to bed early and get up early. D) go to bed early and get up late. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-25 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: C) go to bed early and get up early. 26. Even though sleep research suggests that most college students require approximately __________ hours of sleep nightly, they often get no more than __________ hours. A) 9; 8 B) 9; 6 C) 7; 6 D) 10; 8 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-26 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: B) 9; 6 27. Sid is taking part in research on the effects of sleep deprivation; he has been without sleep for 75 hours. Right now researchers have asked him to sit in front of a computer screen and hit a button each time he sees the letter S on the screen. A few days ago, Sid was a whiz at this task; however, he is doing very poorly today. How are sleep researchers likely to explain Sid's poor performance? A) Due to the sleep deprivation, Sid does not understand the task. B) He has accumulated a "sleep debt" that impedes his learning, attention, and reaction time. C) He is will most likely ruin the research because of the suffering he is enduring at the hands of the researchers. D) He is probably dreaming that he is somewhere else and has no interest in responding to the "here and now." Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-27 7 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1a Answer: B) He has accumulated a "sleep debt" that impedes his learning, attention, and reaction time. 28. According to research on sleep deprivation, one night of sleep loss A) causes only temporary problems. B) is not a problem at all. C) only is a problem for women, not men. D) does not affect people older than age 50. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-28 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1a Answer: A) causes only temporary problems. 29. After more than four days of severe sleep deprivation, people report experiencing A) sleep paralysis. B) hallucinations. C) locked-in syndrome. D) bipolar depression. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-29 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: B) hallucinations. 30. Which of the following symptoms is associated with Kleine-Levin Syndrome (also known as Sleeping Beauty Disorder)? A) intrusive daydreaming B) non-stop sleep C) night terrors D) lucid dreaming Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-30 Topic: The Circadian Rhythm—The Cycle of Everyday Life Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: B) non-stop sleep 31. Which of the following is strongly correlated with dreaming? A) Stage 1 sleep B) rapid eye movements C) locked-in syndrome D) dissociation Difficulty: 3 8 QuestionID: 05-1-31 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: B) rapid eye movements 32. Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves? A) Electromyograph (EMG) B) Electrocardiograph (EKG) C) Electro-oculograph (EOG) D) Electroencephalograph (EEG) Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-32 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: D) Electroencephalograph (EEG) 33. During what stage of sleep are we most likely to experience a vivid dream? A) Non-REM sleep B) Stage 2 sleep C) REM sleep D) Stage 4 sleep Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-33 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: C) REM sleep 34. The human sleep cycle repeats itself approximately every A) 45 minutes. B) 60 minutes. C) 120 minutes. D) 90 minutes. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-34 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: D) 90 minutes. 35. Colleen is sleeping and is experiencing twitches in her legs and hands, and she has had the sensation that she is falling. What stage of sleep is associated with these experiences? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stages 3 and 4 D) REM sleep 9 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-35 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: A) Stage 1 36. Scrambled, bizarre, and dream-like images that come in and out of our consciousness, especially as we are drifting off to sleep, are referred to as A) sleep spindles. B) myoclonic jerks. C) lucid dreams. D) hypnagogic imagery. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-36 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: D) hypnagogic imagery. 37. REM sleep refers to A) dreamless sleep. B) sleep induced by sleeping pills. C) sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely. D) sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-37 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: D) sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly. 38. You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep? A) Alpha eventually replaced by delta B) Delta eventually replaced by alpha C) Alpha eventually replaced by theta D) Delta eventually replaced by beta Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-38 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: C) Alpha eventually replaced by theta 39. What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1–4 of sleep? A) REM sleep B) Non-REM sleep 10 C) Regenerative sleep D) Paradoxical sleep Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-39 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: B) Non-REM sleep 40. Leah has just fallen asleep and appears to have awakened with a start, reporting that she thinks she just saw a ghost hovering by the end of her bed. What is a likely explanation for her behaviour? A) She was experiencing K-complexes during stage 2 sleep, which is associated with visual disturbances. B) She was in REM sleep and was dreaming of ghosts like the ones she had seen in a movie earlier that night. C) She was in stage 1 sleep and experienced a myoclonic jerk and hypnagogic imagery. D) She was having a non-REM dream that was more like fleeting sleep images. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-40 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: C) She was in stage 1 sleep and experienced a myoclonic jerk and hypnagogic imagery. 41. Electrical activity in the brain during REM sleep is similar to A) sleep spindles and stage 2 sleep. B) brain activity during non-REM sleep. C) activity during periods of wakefulness. D) states of daydreaming. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-41 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: C) activity during periods of wakefulness. 42. During a normal night of sleep, we spend the majority of our time in which stage of sleep? A) REM B) stage 1 C) stage 4 D) stage 2 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-42 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: D) stage 2 43. Sleep research has continually shown that children spend more of their night getting deep sleep than do adults. This deep sleep corresponds to what stages of sleep? 11 A) Stages 3 and 4 B) Stages 2 and 3 C) Stage 3 and REM D) REM and Stage 1 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-43 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: A) Stages 3 and 4 44. Alcohol is known to suppress A) delta sleep. B) sleep spindles. C) melatonin production. D) theta waves. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-44 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: A) delta sleep. 45. If the EEG record reveals very small and very fast brain waves, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is A) in stage 1. B) in stage 2. C) in stage 3. D) in stage 4. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-45 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: A) in stage 1. 46. If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles in the brain waves, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep? A) REM B) Stage 1 C) Stage 4 D) Stage 2 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-46 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: D) Stage 2 12 47. Sleep spindles appear during __________ sleep. A) REM B) stage 1 C) stage 4 D) stage 2 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-47 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: D) stage 2 48. Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected? A) Beta B) Alpha C) Theta D) Delta Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-48 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: D) Delta 49. Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during stage 2 sleep are called A) delta waves B) beta waves C) paradoxical sleep waves D) sleep spindles Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-49 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: D) sleep spindles 50. The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is __________ sleep. A) stage 1 B) stage 2 C) stage 3 D) stage 4 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-50 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b 13 Answer: C) stage 3 51. The deepest stage of sleep is __________ sleep. A) stage 1 B) stage 2 C) stage 3 D) stage 4 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-51 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: D) stage 4 52. The stage of sleep marked by the production of very slow delta waves is __________ sleep. A) REM B) stage 1 C) stage 4 D) stage 2 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-52 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: C) stage 4 53. Stage 4 sleep is marked by __________ waves. A) alpha B) beta C) theta D) delta Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-53 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: D) delta 54. People in stage 4 sleep A) dream all the time. B) are hard to wake up. C) are easy to wake up. D) hallucinate. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-54 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b 14 Answer: B) are hard to wake up. 55. Jemele has an exam tomorrow. She plans to wake one and a half hours earlier than normal to do some extra studying. This change in her sleep pattern will have the biggest effect on the amount of __________ sleep she gets. A) stage 2 B) stage 3 C) REM D) stage 4 Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-55 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: C) REM 56. Piper keeps experiencing short and repetitive dreams about her upcoming statistics exam, especially after she first falls asleep. According to studies on sleep and dreaming, Piper's dream is most likely a A) REM dream. B) non-REM dream. C) lucid dream. D) paradoxical dream. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-56 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: B) non-REM dream. 57. Fletcher is having a dream where he is shipwrecked out at sea. He encounters some pirates who end up saving him and transporting him to a tropical island, where he is elected president. Fletcher is likely having what type of dream? A) Non-REM dream B) Lucid dream C) REM dream D) Hypnagogic imagery Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-57 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: C) REM dream 58. Joanne falls asleep and seems to have several dreams involving things she needs to do, such as a research paper, grocery shopping, and dinner with her mom. These dreams are short and always start off the same way. What type of dreams is Joanne experiencing? A) Non-REM dreams B) REM dreams C) Lucid dreams D) Hypnagogic imagery 15 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-58 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: A) Non-REM dreams 59. Curtis has been getting only four hours of sleep a night during final exams because he didn't prepare as he should have during the semester. Upon returning home for the summer, he experiences intense dreams for three nights as he gets his more typical seven and a half hours of nightly sleep. Curtis is most likely experiencing A) dissociation. B) REM rebound. C) sleep paralysis. D) narcoleptic seizures. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-59 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: B) REM rebound. 60. What relatively rare sleep disorder involves people acting out the movements and events of their dreams? A) REM behaviour disorder B) Insomnia C) Narcolepsy D) Sleep apnea Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-60 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: A) REM behaviour disorder 61. Recent research suggests that __________ may be a very early marker of dementia and Parkinson's disease. A) Night terrors B) Insomnia C) Narcolepsy D) REM behaviour disorder Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-61 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: C) Narcolepsy 62. Why is REM sleep referred to as 'paradoxical sleep'? A) because it is comparatively rare B) because it has mental activity and physical paralysis 16 C) because it includes both delta and theta waves D) because it doesn't actually include rapid eye movements Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-62 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: C) because it includes both delta and theta waves 63. __________ is to acting out your dreams, whereas __________ is to walking while asleep but engaging in relatively little activity otherwise. A) Night terrors; narcolepsy B) Sleepwalking; REM behaviour disorder C) REM behaviour disorder; sleepwalking D) Narcolepsy; night terrors Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-63 Topic: Stages of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: C) REM behaviour disorder; sleepwalking 64. Which of the following concepts most strongly challenges the conventional belief that one is either entirely awake and consciously aware or asleep and not consciously aware? A) Hypnosis B) Sleepwalking C) Dissociation D) Lucid dreaming Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-64 Topic: Lucid Dreaming Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: D) Lucid dreaming 65. Which sleep phenomenon is associated with being aware of your own dreaming, and controlling your own dreams? A) Sleep paralysis B) REM rebound C) Lucid dreaming D) Narcolepsy Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-65 Topic: Lucid Dreaming Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: C) Lucid dreaming 17 66. The most commonly experienced sleep disorder is A) insomnia. B) night terrors. C) narcolepsy. D) sleep apnea. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-66 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: A) insomnia. 67. Joaquin frequently experiences difficulty staying asleep through the night. He has no problem falling asleep initially, but recently he has experienced problems with waking up and then returning to sleep. Joaquin is most likely to be diagnosed as suffering from A) nightmares. B) insomnia. C) REM behaviour disorder. D) sleep apnea. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-67 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: B) insomnia. 68. One of the symptoms of insomnia is having trouble falling asleep. What, specifically, does that mean? A) being awake all night B) feeling uncomfortable while trying to fall asleep C) staying in stage 1 sleep for too long D) regularly taking more than 30 minutes to fall asleep Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-68 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: D) regularly taking more than 30 minutes to fall asleep 69. If you have been waking up too early each morning (and can't fall back asleep) for several weeks, you are probably suffering from A) insomnia. B) parasomnia. C) hypersomnia. D) reverse insomnia. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-69 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c 18 Answer: A) insomnia. 70. A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is A) insomnia. B) parasomnia. C) hypersomnia. D) REM disorder. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-70 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1b Answer: A) insomnia. 71. To treat your sleep problem, you are told that you should not nap, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should get out of bed if you cannot sleep. What sleep disorder have you been experiencing? A) Insomnia B) Parasomnia C) Hypersomnia D) REM disorder Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-71 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: A) Insomnia 72. Which of the following is a suggested treatment for insomnia? A) Try to sleep only when tired. B) Use an alarm clock to wake up in the morning. C) Consume caffeine if planning to stay up late. D) Remain in bed until you are able to fall asleep no matter how long it takes. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-72 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: A) Try to sleep only when tired. 73. Mary is experiencing insomnia. Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it? A) Take sleeping pills. B) Go to bed at a different time each night. C) Read in bed and then go immediately to sleep. D) Only use your bed for sleep. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-73 Topic: Disorders of Sleep 19 Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: D) Only use your bed for sleep. 74. What has been found to be more effective at treating insomnia than sleeping pills? A) Hypnosis B) Lucid dreaming C) Hypnagogic imagery D) Brief psychotherapy QuestionID: 05-1-74 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: D) Brief psychotherapy 75. The difference between insomnia and apnea is that A) apnea affects primarily the elderly, whereas insomnia is characteristic of children. B) insomnia is treatable but apnea is not. C) insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties. D) apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy, whereas insomnia is not. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-75 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1b Answer: C) insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties. 76. Rebound insomnia refers to A) sleeping difficulties resulting from relationship troubles. B) sleeping difficulties caused by napping too much. C) sleeping difficulties after long-term use of sleeping pills. D) excessive sleeping resulting from accumulated sleep debt. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-76 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: C) sleeping difficulties after long-term use of sleeping pills. 77. Janice has had difficulty sleeping in the past and has been taking sleeping pills for several months. She does not want to take these any longer but finds that she is having a lot of trouble falling and staying asleep when she doesn't take the pills. Janice is experiencing A) rebound insomnia. B) REM behaviour disorder. C) REM rebound. D) sleep apnea. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-77 20 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: A) rebound insomnia. 78. Narcolepsy occurs when A) an immediate REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness. B) NREM sleep intrudes into wakefulness. C) inadequate sleep occurs over a period of weeks. D) inadequate levels of stage 4 sleep cause neurological damage. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-78 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: A) an immediate REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness. 79. Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you one minute, and snoring the next. Your friend is probably suffering from A) narcolepsy. B) parasomnia. C) REM rebound. D) sleep apnea. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-79 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: A) narcolepsy. 80. You are chatting and laughing with a friend, and then suddenly your friend is asleep. You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as A) enuresis. B) narcolepsy. C) sleep terror. D) daytime insomnia. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-80 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: B) narcolepsy. 81. Which of the following statements would indicate that someone has narcolepsy? A) "I have difficulty getting to sleep." B) "I have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills." C) "I sometimes fall into a deep sleep in the middle of a conversation." D) "I wake up screaming from horrible dreams." 21 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-81 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: C) "I sometimes fall into a deep sleep in the middle of a conversation." 82. Which of the following conditions would be exceptionally dangerous for an airplane pilot? A) Enuresis B) Narcolepsy C) Sleep terror D) Somnambulism Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-82 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: B) Narcolepsy 83. Ed often experiences an intense urge to sleep and has often fallen asleep for a few minutes while in business meetings, while driving, and while talking on the phone. He is most likely to be diagnosed with A) sleeptalking and sleepwalking. B) narcolepsy. C) sleep apnea. D) REM behaviour disorder. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-83 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: B) narcolepsy. 84. Mr. Colbert is meeting with his doctor to discuss treatments for his recently diagnosed narcolepsy. Which of the following is likely to be a part of his treatment regimen? A) Sleeping pills to promote deeper sleep B) Taking medications to promote wakefulness C) Exercise to promote weight loss D) Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-84 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: B) Taking medications to promote wakefulness 85. Which hormone plays a role in triggering sudden attacks of sleepiness? A) Oxytocin B) Orexin C) Melatonin 22 D) Estrogen Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-85 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: B) Orexin 86. People with narcolepsy have too few brain cells that produce A) melatonin. B) lipochrome. C) rhodopsin. D) orexin. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-86 Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: D) orexin. 87. Sudden loss of muscle tone associated with narcolepsy is called A) restless legs syndrome. B) sleep paralysis. C) cataplexy. D) hypnic myoclonia. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-87 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: C) cataplexy. 88. Cassie walks into her house on her birthday and a bunch of guests jump out and yell, "Surprise!" She gasps, then drops to the floor and appears to be sleeping. Cassie suffers from what sleep disorder? A) REM behaviour disorder B) Sleepwalking C) Lucid dreaming D) Narcolepsy Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-88 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: D) Narcolepsy 89. A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called A) sleep apnea. B) insomnia. C) narcolepsy. 23 D) cataplexy. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-89 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: A) sleep apnea. 90. Jim is 56 years old and rather overweight. His wife reports that he snores loudly. What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms? A) Narcolepsy B) Sleep apnea C) Sleep terror D) REM sleep behaviour Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-90 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: B) Sleep apnea 91. __________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke, gasp, and momentarily awaken. A) Sleep apnea B) Insomnia C) Narcolepsy D) Non-REM sleep Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-91 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: A) Sleep apnea 92. Which of these individuals has the highest risk for having sleep apnea? A) John, 62 years old, who is overweight B) Angela, 21 years old, who is depressed C) Alicia, 42 years old, who is suffering from anorexia D) Juan, 8 years old, who is experiencing episodes of enuresis Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-92 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: A) John, 62 years old, who is overweight 93. Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by A) difficulty falling or remaining asleep. 24 B) nodding off without warning in the middle of the day. C) difficulty breathing while asleep. D) experiencing temporary paralysis immediately after waking up from sleep. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-93 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: C) difficulty breathing while asleep. 94. Surgery to which organ in the body may relieve symptoms of apnea, especially in children? A) Septum B) Tonsils C) Olfactory membrane D) Auditory canal Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-94 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: B) Tonsils 95. Albert is extremely obese and his family often complains of his snoring. During the night as he sleeps, he often stops breathing for a few seconds. As a result, his sleep is less restful because he awakens gasping for air. Albert clearly suffers from A) dissociation. B) narcolepsy. C) insomnia. D) sleep apnea. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-95 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: D) sleep apnea. 96. What rare neurological condition, also known as "Sleeping Beauty Disorder," results in excessive sleeping for weeks unless medicated? A) Narcolepsy B) Kleine Levin Syndrome C) REM behaviour disorder D) Cataplexy Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-96 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1a Answer: B) Kleine Levin Syndrome 25 97. Which of the following disorders is more common among children than among adults? A) Night terrors B) Sleep apnea C) Narcolepsy D) Insomnia Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-97 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: A) Night terrors 98. Which of the following sleep disorders appears to be actually quite harmless? A) insomnia B) night terrors C) sleep apnea D) narcolepsy Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-98 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: B) night terrors 99. Which of the following individuals is most likely to sleepwalk? A) A 10-year-old child B) A 24-year-old adult C) A 44-year-old adult D) A 64-year-old adult Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-99 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: A) A 10-year-old child 100. How can you tell that someone is sleepwalking? A) They hold their hands out in front of them. B) They stop whenever they bump into something. C) They typically engage in dangerous activities that they would never do while awake. D) It can be difficult to tell, but they are typically somewhat clumsy. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-100 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.1c Answer: A) They hold their hands out in front of them. 26 101. Sleepwalking occurs most often during __________ sleep. A) REM B) stage 2 C) stage 4 D) stage 1 Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-101 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: C) stage 4 102. Engaging in sexual acts while asleep and not remembering what occurred after awakening is referred to as A) somnambulism. B) sexsomnia. C) narcolepsy. D) REM behaviour disorder. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-102 Topic: Disorders of Sleep Skill: Factual Objective: 5.1c Answer: B) sexsomnia. 103. Which of the following statements on REM sleep and dreaming is true? A) Most dreams are focused on positive emotions and good fortune. B) Dreams are involved in processing emotional memories and problem solving. C) REM dreams are shorter and more repetitive than non-REM dreams. D) Dreams involving aggressive feelings or actions are relatively rare. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-103 Topic: Dreams Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: B) Dreams are involved in processing emotional memories and problem solving. 104. Anne has never been able to see, since birth, whereas Toby lost his vision after an accident when he was 10 years old. Which of the following statements is accurate with respect to their dreams? A) Both Anne and Toby are able to "see" in their dreams and experience visual imagery. B) The things Anne dreams of remain child-like, whereas Toby's dreams aren't constrained by his age. C) Anne doesn't experience visual imagery in her dreams, but Toby does. D) Neither Anne nor Toby experience visual imagery in their dreams because neither have visual experience when awake. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-104 Topic: Dreams Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a 27 Answer: C) Anne doesn't experience visual imagery in her dreams, but Toby does. 105. Interest in understanding dreams can be traced back A) many centuries. B) to the research on REM sleep of Aserinsky and Kleitman. C) to the work and theorizing of Sigmund Freud. D) only about 30 years. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-105 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Factual Objective: 5.2a Answer: A) many centuries. 106. Freud's theoretical explanation about why we dream has received __________ empirical research support. A) substantial B) mixed C) little D) increasing Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-106 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: C) little 107. The perspective that one's dreams contain more information than would be expected at first glance is most consistent with A) information processing theory. B) dream protection theory. C) activation–synthesis theory. D) dissociation theory. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-107 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: B) dream protection theory. 108. According to Freud, our sexual and aggressive impulses are transformed into symbols that represent __________ within our dreams. A) latent content B) manifest content C) wish fulfillment D) dream guardians Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-108 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory 28 Skill: Factual Objective: 5.2a Answer: C) wish fulfillment 109. Freud believed that dreams A) stem from unconscious conflicts, memories, and desires. B) are sexual perversions. C) are reflections of consciousness. D) are ways to solve problems. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-109 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Factual Objective: 5.2a Answer: A) stem from unconscious conflicts, memories, and desires. 110. Freud's dream protection theory states that A) the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts. B) there is no purpose to dreaming; dreams occur because of random brain stem signals. C) the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems. D) dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-110 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: A) the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts. 111. What two categories of dream content did Sigmund Freud describe? A) Poetic and realistic B) Literal and symbolic C) Latent and manifest D) Delusional and hallucinatory Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-111 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Factual Objective: 5.2a Answer: C) Latent and manifest 112. Interpretation of the __________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the __________ content. A) latent; manifest B) manifest; latent C) manifest; sublimated D) metaphorical; denotative Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-112 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory 29 Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: B) manifest; latent 113. According to Freud, if you dream about giraffes, and those giraffes represent your goals, then the giraffes are the A) deep content. B) latent content. C) manifest content. D) subliminal content. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-113 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: C) manifest content. 114. According to Freud, if you dream about giraffes, and the giraffes represent your lifelong goals, then your lifelong goals are the A) deep content. B) latent content. C) manifest content. D) subliminal content. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-114 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: B) latent content. 115. A client tells his therapist about a dream in which he drives his wife to the airport, where she boards a plane. As the plane takes off, he is smiling. The therapist says the dream suggests a desire for a divorce. The therapist's interpretation represents what Sigmund Freud called the ____________ of the dream. A) deep content. B) latent content. C) manifest content. D) subliminal content. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-115 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: B) latent content. 116. Sigmund Freud would agree with which of the following statements? A) Dreams represent unconscious sexual and aggressive desires. B) Only bizarre and disturbing dreams can reveal things about a person's wishes. C) Analysis of a dream's latent content will reveal the hidden manifest meaning. D) Dreams represent conscious rather than unconscious desires. 30 Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-116 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: A) Dreams represent unconscious sexual and aggressive desires. 117. According to Freud, the visible, or directly observable, content of a dream is its __________ content. A) primary B) manifest C) secondary D) latent Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-117 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Factual Objective: 5.2a Answer: B) manifest 118. A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The details of the events of this dream, as related by the client to the therapist, is what Freud called its A) primary content. B) manifest content. C) secondary content. D) latent content. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-118 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: B) manifest content. 119. A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The therapist suggests that the "terminal" in the dream indicates an unconscious desire by the client to "terminate" his boss. This desire to terminate the boss, if it exists, would reflect what Freud called the __________ of the dream. A) primary content B) manifest content C) secondary content D) latent content Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-119 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: D) latent content 31 120. Which of the following pieces of evidence is most problematic for Freud's dream-protection theory? A) Most dreams take place during REM sleep. B) People who experience trauma tend to have repetitive nightmares. C) Dreams can involve ordinary events. D) Dreaming is associated with surges of acetylcholine. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-120 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: B) People who experience trauma tend to have repetitive nightmares. 121. Imagery rehearsal therapy involves 'practicing' a new, more positive dream that can then replace a bad dream that often occurs. Which concept of dreaming is challenged by the positive effects of this therapy? A) activation synthesis theory B) dream continuity hypothesis C) neurocognitive theory D) dream protection theory Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-121 Topic: Freud's Dream Protection Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2a Answer: D) dream protection theory 122. Surges of the neurotransmitter __________ have been associated with activation of REM dreams. A) serotonin B) norepinephrine C) acetylcholine D) melatonin Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-122 Topic: Activation–Synthesis Theory Skill: Factual Objective: 5.2b Answer: C) acetylcholine 123. What theoretical explanation of dreams states that dreaming results from normal neural transmission and interpretation? A) Activation–synthesis theory B) Dream protection theory C) Neurocognitive theory D) Information processing theory Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-123 Topic: Activation–Synthesis Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2b 32 Answer: A) Activation–synthesis theory 124. According to the activation–synthesis theory of dreaming, where do signals that trigger dreaming originate? A) Broca's area B) the cortex C) the lower brain stem D) the optical lobe Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-124 Topic: Activation–Synthesis Theory Skill: Factual Objective: 5.2b Answer: C) the lower brain stem 125. How does the activation–synthesis hypothesis explain dreaming? A) The surfacing of repressed sexual urges B) Biological attempts to make recent memories more permanent C) The cortex making sense of signals from the brain stem D) The use of elaborate symbolism to disguise "unthinkable" topics Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-125 Topic: Activation–Synthesis Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2b Answer: C) The cortex making sense of signals from the brain stem 126. According to activation–synthesis hypothesis, dreams reflect the activated brain's attempt to make sense of A) bizarre, meaningless, and random neural signals. B) unconscious, symbolic, and meaningful neural signals. C) meaningful, problem oriented, and historical neural signals. D) intelligent, free, and neurotic neural signals. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-126 Topic: Activation–Synthesis Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2b Answer: A) bizarre, meaningless, and random neural signals. 127. The activation–synthesis theory of dreaming states that A) the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts. B) dreams occur because of random brain stem signals. C) the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems. D) dreaming is a by-product of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-127 Topic: Activation–Synthesis Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2b 33 Answer: B) dreams occur because of random brain stem signals. 128. Damage to the __________ can eliminate dreams entirely, even when the brainstem is working properly. A) thalamus B) forebrain C) temporal lobe D) visual cortex Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-128 Topic: Dreaming and the Forebrain Skill: Factual Objective: 5.2b Answer: B) forebrain 129. Although the activation-synthesis model emphasizes the role of the brain stem for initiating dreaming, dreaming can be eliminated entirely if the __________ is damaged. A) Temporal lobe B) Midbrain C) Forebrain D) Occipital lobe Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-129 Topic: Dreaming and the Forebrain Skill: Factual Objective: 5.2b Answer: C) Forebrain 130. Young children tend to have simple dreams, whereas adults tend to have more complex dreams with bizarre features and stronger emotions. This suggests that as we learn more and have more complex thoughts, our dreams also become more complex. Which theory of dreaming is supported by this evidence? A) dream protection theory B) activation-synthesis theory C) neurocognitive theory D) psychoanalytic theory Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-130 Topic: Activation–Synthesis Theory Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2b Answer: C) neurocognitive theory 131. Scientists generally agree that __________ is the neurotransmitter responsible for "turning on" REM sleep. A) serotonin B) dopamine C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholine Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-131 Topic: Neurocognitive Perspectives on Dreaming 34 Skill: Factual Objective: 5.2b Answer: D) acetylcholine 132. Which dreaming theory states that dreams are a meaningful product of our ability to think? A) Dream protection theory B) Activation–synthesis theory C) Neurocognitive theory D) Activation-information model Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-132 Topic: Neurocognitive Perspectives on Dreaming Skill: Factual Objective: 5.2b Answer: C) Neurocognitive theory 133. Which of the following would be predicted by the dream continuity hypothesis? A) Children should experience more fanciful or bizarre dreams than adults. B) There should be sex differences and age differences in the amount of time spent dreaming, because of hormonal levels. C) Dreams should mirror your life circumstances and events. D) Dreams toward the end of the night should be similar in content to dreams at the beginning of the night. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-133 Topic: Neurocognitive Perspectives on Dreaming Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2b Answer: C) Dreams should mirror your life circumstances and events. 134. Dwayne and his nine-year-old son are sitting at the breakfast table and talking about various things. The son describes a simple dream he had about school. Dwayne describes a bizarre dream about a quest for buried treasure. These differences in the content of dreams is best explained by A) neurocognitive theory. B) dream protection theory. C) sleep dissociation theory. D) activation–synthesis theory. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-134 Topic: Neurocognitive Perspectives on Dreaming Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2b Answer: A) neurocognitive theory. 135. Which view of dreaming suggests that dreams mirror our life circumstances? A) dream protection hypothesis. B) activation-synthesis theory C) dream continuity hypothesis D) neurocognitive theory 35 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-135 Topic: Neurocognitive Perspectives on Dreaming Skill: Factual Objective: 5.2b Answer: C) dream continuity hypothesis 136. The neurocognitive view of dreaming would argue that __________ demonstrate that dreams are more than just random neural impulses. A) detailed dreams B) nightmares C) recurrent dreams D) sleepwalking Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-136 Topic: Neurocognitive Perspectives on Dreaming Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.2b Answer: C) recurrent dreams 137. Kerri has experiences where she sees bugs flying around in front of her but there is nothing actually there. Her doctor decides to give her a brain scan and notices that her __________ is just as active when she is having visual hallucinations as when she experiences this in reality. A) temporal lobe B) somatosensory cortex C) parietal lobe D) visual cortex Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-137 Topic: Hallucinations—Experiencing What Isn't There Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: D) visual cortex 138. How do auditory verbal hallucinations differ between psychotic and nonpsychotic individuals? A) Hallucinations in nonpsychotic individuals are more likely to consist of sounds rather than voices. B) The voices that psychotic individuals hear are more negative and perceived as less controllable. C) Psychotic individuals only hear happy voices, whereas nonpsychotic individuals only hear angry voices. D) There are no differences in auditory hallucinations between these groups. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-138 Topic: Hallucinations—Experiencing What Isn't There Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: B) The voices that psychotic individuals hear are more negative and perceived as less controllable. 139. Carla was injured in an accident, and she later reported that she saw the whole thing happen to her as if she was watching from a nearby rooftop. This is an example of what altered state of consciousness? A) Out-of-body experience 36 B) Near-death experience C) Dissociation D) Hypnosis Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-139 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: A) Out-of-body experience 140. Michelle often sees an animal that follows her around, and it sometimes tells her to avoid certain people or places. No one else can see or hear this animal. Which of the following terms is used for Michelle's experience? A) déjà vu B) out-of-body experience C) lucid dreaming D) hallucination Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-140 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: B) out-of-body experience 141. Which drug has been associated with producing bizarre out-of-body experiences? A) methamphetamine B) cocaine C) ketamine D) Ecstasy Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-141 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Factual Objective: 5.3a Answer: C) ketamine 142. Having important life events replay quickly and being in a tunnel walking toward a bright light are common themes in A) hallucinations. B) near-death experiences. C) hypnotic trances. D) déjà vu experiences. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-142 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: B) near-death experiences. 37 143. One key criticism of claims of near-death experiences is that there are often multiple explanations for the phenomenon. This is an example for the requirement of what key principle in critical thinking? A) Ruling out rival hypotheses B) Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence C) Parsimony D) Falsifiability Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-143 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: A) Ruling out rival hypotheses 144. Rather than accepting claims of near-death experiences as an example of an altered state of consciousness, Dr. Marvin Monroe asserts that many of the symptoms are consistent with the physiological changes associated with a dying brain. His view is most similar to what general principle of critical thinking? A) Falsifiability B) Replicability C) Ruling out rival hypotheses D) Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-144 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: C) Ruling out rival hypotheses 145. Researchers that study people or animals who are close to death have found several common physiological changes that occur as the brain dies. Which of the following is one of those common changes? A) surges of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and dopamine B) increase in delta waves, like in deep sleep C) a state similar to REM sleep D) a gradual slowing of all neurotransmission Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-145 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: A) surges of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and dopamine 146. Cultural variations in the features of near-death experiences suggest that A) NDEs provide a genuine glimpse of the afterlife for those that experience them. B) NDEs are constructed from learned beliefs. C) NDEs in Eastern cultures involve more "hellish" imagery relative to the life review experienced by those in Western cultures. D) While there are cultural differences, the sense of experiencing the "light at the end of the tunnel" appears to be cross-cultural. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: B) NDEs are constructed from learned beliefs. 147. Surges of which neurotransmitter are likely associated with the hallucinations and mystical experiences associated with near-death experiences? A) glutamate B) GABA C) norepinephrine D) serotonin Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-147 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Factual Objective: 5.3a Answer: D) serotonin 148. Enrico claims that déjà vu is evidence of a memory from a past life. There is no way to test this claim, therefore this claim violates which principle of critical thinking? A) Falsifiability B) Parsimony C) Ruling out rival hypotheses D) Replicability Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-148 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: A) Falsifiability 149. Recent research on déjà vu experiences by Cleary and her colleagues has found that déjà vu arises when A) individuals are reliving an exact event they have experienced in a past life. B) the arrangement of elements within a scene is similar to one previously seen, but not remembered. C) acetylcholine floods the hippocampus and activates multiple experiences in memory at once, causing a sense of familiarity. D) people are confronted with situations that trigger repressed memories but are unable to recall the previous experiences. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-149 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Factual Objective: 5.3a Answer: B) the arrangement of elements within a scene is similar to one previously seen, but not remembered. 150. Which of the following individuals is most likely to report experiencing déjà vu? A) someone who is young, liberal, and travels frequently B) someone who is young, and uses opiates on a regular basis C) someone older, and cautious, who has a predictable routine 39 D) someone older, who has a vivid imagination and a great memory Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-150 Page-Reference: Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: A) someone who is young, liberal, and travels frequently 151. Which of the following explanations for déjà vu is unfalsifiable? A) Small seizures in the right temporal lobe lead to feelings of familiarity. B) There is an excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the temporal lobes. C) Feelings of familiarity stem from memories of past lives and experiences. D) Déjà vu may be related to previously experienced situations that we may not have consciously processed. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-151 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: C) Feelings of familiarity stem from memories of past lives and experiences. 152. Excess of what neurotransmitter in the temporal lobes has been associated with déjà vu experiences? A) Acetylcholine B) Serotonin C) Endorphin D) Dopamine Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-152 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Factual Objective: 5.3a Answer: D) Dopamine 153. Which brain region is associated with the feelings of familiarity that characterize déjà vu? A) occipital lobes B) hypothalamus C) temporal lobes D) prefrontal cortex Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-153 Topic: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: C) temporal lobes 154. What drug has been used by neuroscientists to study mystical experiences in laboratory settings? A) Melatonin B) Alcohol 40 C) Psilocybin D) Methamphetamine Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-154 Topic: Mystical Experiences Skill: Factual Objective: 5.3a Answer: C) Psilocybin 155. Hallucinogenic drugs have been used to induce mystical experiences, so that they can be studied in a laboratory setting. What risks are associated with these methods? A) Hallucinogens cause irreparable damage to the cortex B) Hallucinogens can elicit negative emotions, including paranoia or fear. C) The quality of hallucinogens is too variable to be used in a controlled study. D) It is not clear that hallucinogens actually promote mystical experiences, at all. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-155 Topic: Mystical Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: B) Hallucinogens can elicit negative emotions, including paranoia or fear. 156. Why are mystical experiences so difficult to study scientifically? A) They tend to be fleeting, unpredictable, and difficult to describe. B) They only occur when people are alone. C) People who are prone to mystical experiences do not want to be studied. D) There are no methods to induce mystical experiences. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-156 Topic: Mystical Experiences Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3a Answer: A) They tend to be fleeting, unpredictable, and difficult to describe. 157. Which term refers to suggestive techniques for altering one's perceptions, thoughts, or beliefs about one's self? A) Meditation B) Perceptual sets C) Hypnosis D) Déjà vu Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-157 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Objective: 5.3b Answer: C) Hypnosis 158. What are 'induction methods' for the practice of hypnosis? 41 A) chemicals used to open the mind B) props that promote the authority of the hypnotist C) physical manipulation of the target of hypnosis D) suggestions about relaxation, well-being, and imagination Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-158 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3b Answer: D) suggestions about relaxation, well-being, and imagination 159. Hypnosis has been found to be useful in the treatment of A) bipolar depression. B) pain and habit disorders. C) schizophrenia and psychotic breaks. D) antisocial personality disorder. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-159 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Objective: 5.3b Answer: B) pain and habit disorders. 160. People who respond easily to hypnotists and hypnotherapists are called A) fakers. B) gullible. C) suggestible. D) unconscious. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-160 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Objective: 5.3b Answer: C) suggestible. 161. What proportion of people are considered to be highly suggestible? A) less than 1% B) 15-20% C) approximately 50% D) nearly 75% Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 05-1-161 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Objective: 5.3b Answer: B) 15-20% 162. Which of the following general statements best expresses the authors' view of the general public's 42 knowledge and understanding of hypnosis? A) The general public is not well informed about the scientific developments regarding hypnosis. B) The general public, as well as the scientific community, believes that hypnosis is a true altered state of conscious. C) The general public is well informed about the scientific developments regarding hypnosis. D) The general public recognizes and understands the limitations of hypnosis as a memory recall technique. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-162 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3b Answer: A) The general public is not well informed about the scientific developments regarding hypnosis. 163. Which of the following factors fails to explain why people experience hypnotic effects? A) Unconscious drives and motivations B) Excessive activation of the frontal lobes C) Receptivity to suggestion D) A willingness to overlook logical inconsistencies Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-163 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Objective: 5.3b Answer: B) Excessive activation of the frontal lobes 164. Contrary to popular public opinion regarding hypnosis, people who are hypnotized can A) experience a total lack of situational awareness. B) resist and oppose hypnotic suggestions at will. C) lose their entire memory. D) experience highly enhanced memory for situational details when hypnotized. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-164 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Objective: 5.3b Answer: B) resist and oppose hypnotic suggestions at will. 165. Studies on hypnosis have sought to identify physiological markers of this state. A recent study suggested that __________ was a unique marker of a hypnotic trance, although this conclusion was based on data from only one participant. A) a person's level of responsiveness to pain stimuli B) a lack of startle reflex C) the hypnotic stare D) electrocortical asymmetry Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 05-1-165 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Factual Objective: 5.3b 43 Answer: C) the hypnotic stare 166. What does the research evidence suggest about the relationship between hypnosis and sleep states? A) When people are hypnotized, it is as if they are dreaming within stage 1 and REM sleep. B) When people are hypnotized, it is as if they are dreaming in REM sleep. C) When people are hypnotized, they are in a state that is awake rather than asleep. D) When people are hypnotized, it is as if they are in deep stages 3 and 4 sleep. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 05-1-166 Topic: Hypnosis Skill: Applied/Conceptual Objective: 5.3b Answer: C) When people are hypnotized, they are in a state