Summary NUR 352 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

NUR 352 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE. Causes for alterations in each – T, P, BP, R and O2 saturation. ○ Temperature ■ Hormones ■ Environmental temperature ■ Activity ■ Infection ■ Eating hot/cold foods/drinks before an oral temperature ■ Smoking ■ Age ■ Stress/anxiety ■ Circadian rhythm ○ Pulse ■ Stress/anxiety ■ Activity ■ Medications ■ Temperature ■ Pain ■ Hormones ■ Circadian rhythm ■ Age ■ Hemorrhage (blood loss causes the heart to overcompensate) ■ Environment ■ Change of position ■ Anemia (low RBC count causes the heart to overcompensate for the loss of O2 and iron) ■ Core body temperature ○ Blood Pressure ■ Age ■ Stress ■ Medications ■ Hydration ■ Body position ■ Comorbidities ■ Alcohol and tobacco use ■ Activity level ■ Circadian rhythm ■ Ethnicity (African American descent tend to have a higher BP) ■ Male (higher) ■ Family history ○ Respirations ■ Activity ■ Stress/anxiety ■ Injury ■ Infection ■ Air quality ■ Medications ■ Heart issues ■ Hypoxemia ■ Age ■ Smoking ■ Body position ■ Brain trauma ○ Oxygen saturation ■ Respiratory infection ■ COPD ■ Asthma ■ Anemia ■ Heart disease ■ Pulmonary embolism ■ Increased respirations ● Age and activity level considerations – understand normal variations that occur with aging and alterations you may expect based on lifestyle ○ Temperature ■ Level doesn’t change as much but it becomes harder for the body to control its temperature (older) ■ Higher temperature (infants) ○ Pulse ■ Can become slower or weaken (older) ■ Higher and more rapid (infants) ○ Blood Pressure ■ Can increase as you age (older) ■ Generally lower in both systolic and diastolic values (infants) ○ Respirations ■ Only really changes if there are underlying problems such as COPD or Asthma (older) ■ Irregular and can fluctuate between periods of apnea and rapid breaths (infants) ○ Oxygen saturation ■ Can decrease as you age (older) ■ Generally lower (younger) ● Complications of alterations/nursing actions ● Performance, findings, and results with orthostatic blood pressure collection