BISC 4532: Lecture 3
Gene Regulation and Action Potential
Marija Kundakovic, PhD
Assistant Professor
, DNA, Genes, and Genetics
AG
CT
The haploid human genome is estimated to be about 3 billion base pairs long; it contains
around 20,000 protein-coding genes;
Less than 2% of the total genomic sequence encodes proteins; the majority of the
remaining, non-coding DNA appears to have regulatory function.
, ➢
Gene expression
TF
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Protein
Genes are primarily regulated at the level of transcriptional initiation,
although regulation also occurs at the level of transcriptional elongation, RNA
splicing and stability, protein synthesis, and protein posttranslational regulation.
, Regulation of transcriptional initiation
Level 1 – cis regulatory elements and trans acting
Factors, usually
trans acting factor proteins, that bind
to the cis-regulatory
cis regulatory sequences to control
element TF gene transcription
DNA sequences (e.g. transcription
(typically, non-coding factors, TFs)
DNA) containing
binding sites for TFs The General
Transcription
and/or other
Machinery
regulatory molecules
that are needed to
activate and sustain
transcription (e.g. Regulatory Promoter Core Promoter
promoters and Nestler et al, Molecular Neuropharmacology, 2015
enhancers)
Enhancer Promoter Gene Body
Gene Regulation and Action Potential
Marija Kundakovic, PhD
Assistant Professor
, DNA, Genes, and Genetics
AG
CT
The haploid human genome is estimated to be about 3 billion base pairs long; it contains
around 20,000 protein-coding genes;
Less than 2% of the total genomic sequence encodes proteins; the majority of the
remaining, non-coding DNA appears to have regulatory function.
, ➢
Gene expression
TF
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Protein
Genes are primarily regulated at the level of transcriptional initiation,
although regulation also occurs at the level of transcriptional elongation, RNA
splicing and stability, protein synthesis, and protein posttranslational regulation.
, Regulation of transcriptional initiation
Level 1 – cis regulatory elements and trans acting
Factors, usually
trans acting factor proteins, that bind
to the cis-regulatory
cis regulatory sequences to control
element TF gene transcription
DNA sequences (e.g. transcription
(typically, non-coding factors, TFs)
DNA) containing
binding sites for TFs The General
Transcription
and/or other
Machinery
regulatory molecules
that are needed to
activate and sustain
transcription (e.g. Regulatory Promoter Core Promoter
promoters and Nestler et al, Molecular Neuropharmacology, 2015
enhancers)
Enhancer Promoter Gene Body
