Human Anatomy & Physiology 1, Ch 6-10 questions and answers 2022

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1, Ch 6-10 questions and answers 2022 What are the three types of cartilage found in skeleton? - correct answersHyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. What are the ends of long bones called? - correct answersEpiphyses What is the outer covering of bones called? - correct answersPeriosteum What is the shaft of the long bone called? - correct answersDiaphysis What type of bone is the wall of the long bone composed of? - correct answersCompact bone What are the four cell types in bone? - correct answersOsteogenic cells, osteoblast, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. What type of bones have osteons? - correct answersCompact bone Name the intramembranous bones. - correct answersCranial bones in the skull. How do intramembranous bones develop? - correct answersBone develops from a fibrous membrane, ossification begins on a connective tissue membrane and Osteoid is secreted by osteoblasts that becomes calcified, woven bone and periosteum form, lamellar bone replaces the woven bone, and red bone marrow appears. Most bones develop by endochondral ossification and arise from BLANK. - correct answersHyaline cartilage What five zones do the epiphyseal plates consist of? - correct answersResting, proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification. What are osteoclasts? - correct answersLarge cells that dissolve or remodel bone What is the function of osteoblast cells? - correct answersTo make new bone by secreting osteoid. When do osteoblasts become osteocytes? - correct answersWhen they get trapped in osteoid. After birth, our long bones grow in length from what area? - correct answersEpiphyseal plate How does a bone grow in diameter? - correct answersAppositional growth; osteoblasts in the periosteum secrete bone matrix. Remodeling of bone involves resorption by what cells? Deposition by what cells? - correct answersOsteoclasts. Osteoblasts. Deficiencies of what vitamin may lead to abnormal bone development? This may lead to what disorders? - correct answersVitamin D. Rickets or osteomalacia. What does physical stress on bone lead to? - correct answersTension or compression and leads to bone growth. What do very low levels of Human Growth Hormone cause? Very high levels? - correct answersDwarfism. Gigantism. What are the six major functions of bones? - correct answersSupport, protection, movement, mineral and growth factors storage, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), and triglyceride (fat) storage. What is blood cell formation called? Where does it occur? - correct answersHematopoiesis. Red bone marrow. What are most of the mineral salts in bone matrix called? What is it a crystal of? - correct answersHydroxyapatite. Calcium phosphate. What hormone stimulates the osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium when blood calcium levels drop? - correct answersParathyroid (PTH) What hormone stimulates osteoblasts to produce new bone causing calcium to be removed from the blood when blood calcium rises? - correct answersCalcitonin Describe the stages of fracture repair? - correct answersHematoma formation, a fibrocartilaginous callus forms, a bony callus forms, and bone remodeling occurs. How is osteoporosis disease characterized? - correct answersLoss of bone, brittle bone. What two groups is the skeleton divided into? - correct answersAxial and appendicular. What are the regions on babies' skulls called that are not completely ossified? - correct answersFontanelles List two functions of joints. - correct answersJoin bones and allow movement. Name and describe three types of joints classified by their function. - correct answersSynarthrotic: immovable, amphiarthrotic: slightly movable, diarthrotic: freely movable. Name and describe three types of joints classified by their structure. - correct answersFibrous: tight joints between close bones with dense connective tissue and many collagen fibers, cartilaginous: connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage, gomphoses: cone-shaped process in socket (teeth attachment). Name and describe two types of cartilaginous joints and give examples. - correct answersSynchondrosis: hyaline cartilage band (epiphyseal plate), symphysis: pad of fibrocartilage covered by hyaline cartilage at the joint surface (pubic symphysis, invertebral disks). What kind of cartilage is the articular cartilage in synovial joints? - correct answersHyaline cartilage What is the inner lining of the joint capsule? What does it secrete? - correct answersSynovial membrane. Synovial fluid. What is the function of Bursae and tendon sheaths? - correct answersTo cushion and aid movement of tendons. List the six types of synovial joints and give examples of each. - correct answersBall-and-socket: ball-shaped head fits into depression (hip), condyloid: ovoid condyle into elliptical cavity (between metacarpals and phalanges), gliding: flattened articular surfaces (between most carpals), hinge: convex surface into concave surface (elbow, phalanges), pivot: bone rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue (proximal ends of radius and ulna), and saddle: both bones have convex and concave surfaces (between carpal and metacarpal of thumb). List the four types of joint movements and give examples of each. - correct answersGliding: side to side gliding of bones (intercarpal movement in wrist when waving), angular: increase and decrease angle between bones (flexion to decrease angle, extension to increase angle, hyperextension over extending, abduction to move away from midline, adduction to move toward midline, circumduction to make cone shape), rotation: turning bone around its long axis (movement of femur or humerus), special: supination to move hands palm up, pronation to move hands palm down, dorsiflexion to point toes up, plantar flexion to point toes down, inversion to turn sole inward, eversion to turn sole outward, protraction to jut jaw forward, retraction to move jaw back, elevation to close mouth, depression to open mouth, and opposition to touch thumb to fingers. List and describe the four kinds of injuries of joints. - correct answersSprain: stretching or tearing of joint ligaments, heals slowly; cartilage injury: unable to repair itself; dislocations: displacement of articular surfaces of bones, must be reduced; bursitis or tendonitis: inflammation of bursa or tendon sheath.