maryville patho 611 exam 4 Q&A 2022/2023

Urinary tract infection in older adults - Answer - 2. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort 2. difficult diagnose due to vague symptoms Acute unilateral renal obstruction and hypertension. - Answer - 1. Reduced perfusion activates RAAS 2. Leads to constriction of peripheral arterioles kidneys receive ___________________cardiac output - Answer - 20-25% or or 1000 to 1200ml per minute Most common type of renal stone - Answer - Calcium oxalate Kidney stone refers pain - Answer - 1. Umbilicus if high in the urethra (sensory innervation of the upper part of the ureter arising from the 10th thoracic nerve root) 2. Abdomen or groin if low in the urethra Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) - Answer - 1. condition that includes non-bacterial infectious cystitis (viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, fungal) 2. noninfectious cystitis (radiation, chemical, autoimmune, hypersensitivity) Cause of PBS/IC - Answer - 1. Unknown 2. autoimmune reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability, neuro-inflammation, increased sensory nerve sensitivity Pyelonephritis - Answer - infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium). Pyelonephritis: the most common underlying risk factors - Answer - 1. Urinary obstruction 2. reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux) 3. Pregnancy 4. neurogenic bladder 5. instrumentation: catheters, endoscopy 6. female sexual trauma Microorganisms usually associated with acute pyelonephritis - Answer - 1. E. coli 2. Proteus, or