Carbohydrates compose the majority of animal's diet for energy due to lowest feeding cost
(photosynthesis of plants/food into starch and cellulose). Important tissues that oxidize glucose for energy:
Brain•
RBC's•
Leukocytes•
Gonads•
Gravid uterus •
Blood glucose is under homeostatic regulation because… can cause major damage
Moderate acute hypoglycemia decreases brain function•
Severe hypocalcemia = coma or death•
High blood glucose = tissue damage•
Brain switches to use of ketones in long -term fasting Ketones made from fat○
GI tract type, diet and length after eating all affect sources of blood glucose.○•
No polysaccharides are absorbed except within newborns (24 -48 hours).
Glucose transporter required for transport across cell membrane ( polar molecule )
Active transport -glucose/galactose across sm. intestine vie Na -dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1)○
Passive transport -glucose by GLUT2 proteins out of epithelial cell into blood vessel = facilitative transport (No ATP)○•
Carbs are digested into simple sugars then absorbed into enterocyte.
Adult production animals are lactose intolerant (no lactase enzyme).
Can consume some lactose, gets fermented like dietary fiber without issue○
Some CHO's cannot be absorbed & end up in hindgut where they are fermented (low calorie sweeteners)
Km = substrate concentration @half maximal rate & Vmax = rate of product formation; explain different isoforms of enzymes.
Body cells use different GLUT transporters: (GLUT1 low affinity, --> GLUT4 high affinity); transporters control what and how much nutrient is taken up by a cell.
Tissues = GLUT1•
Liver = GLUT2•
Brain = GLUT3•
Fat cells = GLUT4•
Do not use same b/c each cell type requires different responses to insulin and possessed individual biochemical properties.
Q: Does a low or high Km transporter bring glucose into a cell when plasma glucose is low?
When Km is low (low plasma glucose), a high affinity transporter will move glucose.Exam 2 Review -Glucose (fed -fasted)
Monday, October 3, 2022 2:32 PM Nutrition -ANSC 301 Page 1
(photosynthesis of plants/food into starch and cellulose). Important tissues that oxidize glucose for energy:
Brain•
RBC's•
Leukocytes•
Gonads•
Gravid uterus •
Blood glucose is under homeostatic regulation because… can cause major damage
Moderate acute hypoglycemia decreases brain function•
Severe hypocalcemia = coma or death•
High blood glucose = tissue damage•
Brain switches to use of ketones in long -term fasting Ketones made from fat○
GI tract type, diet and length after eating all affect sources of blood glucose.○•
No polysaccharides are absorbed except within newborns (24 -48 hours).
Glucose transporter required for transport across cell membrane ( polar molecule )
Active transport -glucose/galactose across sm. intestine vie Na -dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1)○
Passive transport -glucose by GLUT2 proteins out of epithelial cell into blood vessel = facilitative transport (No ATP)○•
Carbs are digested into simple sugars then absorbed into enterocyte.
Adult production animals are lactose intolerant (no lactase enzyme).
Can consume some lactose, gets fermented like dietary fiber without issue○
Some CHO's cannot be absorbed & end up in hindgut where they are fermented (low calorie sweeteners)
Km = substrate concentration @half maximal rate & Vmax = rate of product formation; explain different isoforms of enzymes.
Body cells use different GLUT transporters: (GLUT1 low affinity, --> GLUT4 high affinity); transporters control what and how much nutrient is taken up by a cell.
Tissues = GLUT1•
Liver = GLUT2•
Brain = GLUT3•
Fat cells = GLUT4•
Do not use same b/c each cell type requires different responses to insulin and possessed individual biochemical properties.
Q: Does a low or high Km transporter bring glucose into a cell when plasma glucose is low?
When Km is low (low plasma glucose), a high affinity transporter will move glucose.Exam 2 Review -Glucose (fed -fasted)
Monday, October 3, 2022 2:32 PM Nutrition -ANSC 301 Page 1
