TEST BANK for Animal Behavior, 11th Edition Alcock, Linda Green, Paul Nolan, and Rubenstein. All Chapters 1-14.

1 Test Bank to accompany Animal Behavior , Eleventh Edition John Alcock , Linda Green, Paul Nolan, and Dustin Rubenstein Chapter 1 : An Introduction to Animal Behavior Multiple Choice 1. “If female lizards with reddis h throats produce more eggs than females with orangish throats, then the reddish throat is an evolved adaptation. ” This statement a. is true, because this species has variation, a critical requirement for the evolution of adaptations by natural selection. b. is false, because females with orang ish throats could still have more offspring that live to reproduce than females with reddish throats. c. is false, because there is no guarantee that females with reddish throats are the best for the long -term preservation of this species. d. could be true or false , because we cannot tell without knowing whether reddish females outnumber orangish females in this species. Answer : b 2. The statement “Lemmings disperse from areas of high population density because they inherited this ability from a lemming -like ancestor in the past ” is a hypothesis about a. evolved function. b. evolutionary history. c. genetics and development. d. adaptive value. Answer : b 3. The theory of plate tectonics (which explains the current and past positi ons of the continents in terms of the movements of huge geologic plates on Earth’s surface) is called a theory because it a. has been shown via repeated tests to be true. b. is an explanation that is potentially falsifiable. c. is an explanation that can be applied widely, to ever y continent, past and present. d. is an explanation that needs to be tested . Answer : c 4. In order for Darwinian natural selection to cause evolutionary change, a population must contain individuals that differ hereditari ly in some cha racteristic because a. in a population without this kind of variation, the species is doomed to extinction. b. when all individuals have the same genes, then all individuals are exactly alike in all respects. c. uniform populations are evolutionary dead ends. 2 d. unles s there is variation of this sort, parents cannot pass on their advantageous attributes to their offspring. Answer : d 5. We observe variation in a population of lizard with respect to how fast individuals can run. We attempt to select for the ability to run slowly, not quickly. After six generations of selective breeding of only the slowest with the slowest, the mean running speed of the lizards has not change d. What is the appropriate scientific conclusion based on this work? a. After six generations of artificial selection, the frequency of slow runners in the population has remained unchanged. b. After six generations of artific ial selection, the frequency of slow runners in the population has increased. c. The differences between the lizards in running speed in the original population were not caused by g enetic differences among them. d. The results are invalid because the researchers failed to maintain enough variation in running speed in their selected lineage, so evolutionary change was impossible. Answer : c 6. We observe a frog that carries its babies on its back away from where the eggs hatched. Below are two qu estions about this observation : X. Does the frog do this to move the babies to a place where they will be safer? Y. Why d oes the frog expend time and energy moving its offspring from the place where they were “born”? Which of the two is a true causal question? a. X, because this is the mor e specific of the two questions b. X, because we can test this idea but not the idea presente d in Y c. Y, because this statement tells what we should expect to find in nature d. Y, because it is not a hypothesis itself but could be answered by a hypothes is Answer : d 7. It make s sense to separate the results of an experiment from the scientific concl usion of a research project because a. the data were collected not as an end in and of themselves but to help evaluate a hypothesis. b. the scientific conclusion should refer to what ought to have been collected in the way of data, not the actual data themselves. c. the dictionary defines scientific conclusion as “a proven result, ” and the results of an experiment are rarely completely certain. d. it is good to keep all the experimental items, the design of the experiment, the methods used, the expected results , and the a ctual collected data in one single category. Answer : a 8. Which is an example of a Darwinian puzzle? a. Salmon can smell a few molecules of chemicals in the stream in which they were born. 3 b. Adult birds scream in pain when caught by a predator. c. If two or even three eggs are added to a bird’s nest, the adult birds often can rear them successfully along with their own chicks. d. Bats can catch moths in complete darkness thanks to their ability to hear echoes from their own cries. Answer: c Questions 9–12. Consider the following observation: Male song sparrows sing more at dawn than during any other time the day . 9. Males sing to provide accurate information to mates about their physical condition. This is an example of a. a causal question . b. a predictio n. c. test evidence . d. a scientific conclusion . Answer: d 10. Males that receive a “care package ” of extra food the day before should produce more songs during the dawn hour than those that do not receive supplemental food . This is an example of a. a causal question . b. a prediction . c. test evidence . d. a scientific conclusion. Answer: b 11. What is the evolved function of the pattern of song production by the song sparrow ? This is an example of a. a causal question . b. a prediction . c. test evidence . d. a scientific conclusion. Answer: a 12. If an adaptation is the product of natural selection, the trait will a. provide a net reproductive gain for individuals that possess the attribute. b. raise the reproductive success of individuals more than any other alternative that h as appeared in the species over evolutionary time. c. enhance the survival of the fittest individuals in the species. d. help preserve the species as a whole against the risk of extinction. Answer: b 13. Contest resolution that is mediated by harmless, non -contact threat displays is a Darwinian puzzle because