Criminal Justice in Canada 6th Edition – Test Bank

Criminal Justice in Canada 6th Edition – Test Bank CHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. While most Canadians say they support a “tough on crime” approach, what do they feel is the most appropriate approach to reduce crime? a. shorter punishments for all offenders except for those convicted of a violent offence b. an increase in the number of community sanctions available to judges. c. longer prison terms for violent offenders. d. an increase in the number of prisons across Canada. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 2 BLM: UNDERSTAND 2. While most Canadians indicate they support a “tough on crime” approach, how do they feel governments should best fight crime? a. the introduction of more crime prevention programs. b. hire more police officers in order to detect more crimes. c. increase the number of prisons across Canada. d. increase the length of punishment for serious offenders. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 2 BLM: UNDERSTAND 3. What is meant by conservatives when they say it is time to be “Right on Crime”? a. increasing the number of individuals who are incarcerated to make society safer. b. introducing more cost-effective approaches that better protect the public. c. introducing more punishments that are deterrence-based in order to better protect t d. decreasing the amount of community programs for substance abusers. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 3 BLM: UNDERSTAND 4. In recent years the crime rate has decreased in the United States. Which of the following is a reason why this has happened according to researchers? a. increasing the number of judges so more criminal cases can be processed. b. introducing reforms to make criminal cases more efficient. c. an increase in the number of state and federal prisons. d. an increase in the number of police per capita. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 3 BLM: UNDERSTAND 5. What term commonly refers to how a society organizes its’ reaction to problematic behaviour? a. social control b. civil law c. criminal behaviour d. criminal law ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 4 BLM: REMEMBER 6. According to the text, what is the objective of social control in a society? a. to build more correctional facilities b. to create more laws in our society c. to control behaviour viewed as criminal in some way d. to spend more money to increase the size of the criminal justice system ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 4 BLM: REMEMBER 7. Why does crime largely define society? a. It mediates legality. b. It mediates institutions. c. It mediates security. d. It mediates honesty. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 4 BLM: REMEMBER 8. Joanne is convicted of her third break and entering offense in the past 2 years. At her sentencing hearing, the Crown prosecutor focuses her argument upon what the length of the sentence should be, while the defense attorney looks specifically at her addiction and poor family environment and requests that his client be given probation so she can attend counselling in the community. What is the Crown prosecutor ignoring in her presentation? a. the social context of Joanne`s behavior. b. the legal context of Joanne`s criminal activities. c. the ‘black-letter’ definition of crime. d. the appropriate sentence of incarceration for Joanne. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 4-5 BLM: APPLY 9. As a result of an increase in the number of stabbings, criminal justice personnel decided to charge everyone involved in such crimes, eliminate plea bargains, and hand out lengthier punishments when an individual was convicted of such crimes. This type of approach represents which definition of crime? a. the ‘`black-letter’ definition of crime. b. the social definition of crime. c. the normative definition of crime. d. the social constructionist definition of crime. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 5 BLM: APPLY 10. Which of the following ideas is the basis for the belief that disorderly conduct should be a crime? a. Crime is a violation of the ‘black letter’ of the law. b. Crime is a violation of normative decision-making. c. Crime is a violation of the social contract. d. Crime is a violation of the criminal law. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 5 BLM: REMEMBER 11. Which definition of crime views crime as behaviour that violates social norms? a. social constructionism b. modified legalistic c. social d. legalistic ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 5 BLM: REMEMBER 12. What is it called when a terminally ill individual who is near death requests a health professional to withhold life-sustaining support? a. active euthanasia. b. involuntary euthanasia. c. passive euthanasia. d. assisted suicide. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 6 BLM: UNDERSTAND 13. When Jason is incompetent and his family members decide that his life should be terminated despite the fact that he cannot give his consent. What type of euthanasia is this called? a. passive euthanasia. b. nonvoluntary euthanasia. c. involuntary euthanasia. d. active euthanasia. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 6 BLM: UNDERSTAND 14. Robert Latimer was charged for killing his disabled daughter to end her suffering in 1993.What type of euthanasia was he charged with? a. passive euthanasia. b. nonvoluntary euthanasia. c. involuntary euthanasia. d. active euthanasia. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 7 BLM: REMEMBER 15. What did the decision made by the Supreme Court of Canada in the Robert Latimer case demonstrate? a. a Charter of Rights and Freedoms violation was present but that the violation was n disabled. b. that the judiciary are compassionate when it comes to cases involving euthanasia. c. that it is futile to sentence individuals to a term of imprisonment in cases involving e d. that mercy killing as legally murder, whatever the motive. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 7 BLM: UNDERSTAND 16. When physicians in Quebec were asked about their support about euthanasia, what did the researchers discover? a. that a minority of physicians favoured euthanasia. b. that approximately 50 percent of physicians favoured euthanasia. c. that approXimately 75 percent of physicians favoured euthanasia. d. that almost all physicians favoured euthanasia. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 7 BLM: REMEMBER 17. What is the main focus of the Canadian criminal justice system? a. increasing the size of the police b. the accountability of all criminal justice agencies and their personnel c. the control of crime d. maintaining a standard of dignity ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 8 BLM: REMEMBER 18. What term means that all citizens are equal before the law and that they are to be protected from arbitrary decisions by individuals working in the criminal justice system? a. justice b. criminal justice c. fairness d. punishment ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 10 BLM: REMEMBER 19. When most Canadians speak of ‘justice’ today, what are they most commonly referring to? a. the fairness of the criminal justice system. b. the length of time it takes to get a criminal case to court. c. the ability of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to hold individuals accountable fo d. that offenders receive the punishment that they deserve. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 10 BLM: REMEMBER 20. What term refers to discrimination existing in all aspects of the operation of our criminal justice system? a. systemic discrimination b. institutionalized discrimination c. individual discrimination d. contextual discrimination ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 11 BLM: REMEMBER 21. What type of discrimination is mainly concerned with system outcomes or results? a. systemic discrimination b. individual discrimination c. contextual discrimination d. institutionalized discrimination ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 11 BLM: REMEMBER 22. What term refers to discrimination resulting from the organizational policies within criminal justice agencies? a. individual discrimination b. systemic discrimination c. contextual discrimination d. institutionalized discrimination ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 11 BLM: REMEMBER 23. Provincial inquiries investigated the treatment of racial minorities within the Canadian criminal justice system during the 1990s. What type of discrimination was reported to exist? a. individual discrimination b. contextual discrimination c. systemic discrimination d. institutionalized discrimination ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 11 BLM: REMEMBER 24. An administrator reviews the court processing of all adults during the past year in her jurisdiction. After analyzing all of the data, she discovers that almost all of the individuals processed are young. What has she discovered about the court processing of individuals based on their age? a. disparity b. systemic discrimination c. institutionalized discrimination d. contextual discrimination ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 11 BLM: APPLY 25. Researchers studying the criminal court processing of all individuals charged with a criminal offence discover that members of certain racial minority groups are treated differently once they enter their plea in court. What type of discrimination have the researchers discovered? a. systemic discrimination b. institutionalized discrimination c. contextual discrimination d. individual discrimination ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 11 BLM: APPLY 26. What term refers to the accuracy of the outcome of a case? a. criminal justice b. substantive justice c. absolute justice d. provincial justice ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 11 BLM: REMEMBER 27. What is the primary concern of substantive justice? a. truthfulness of the allegation b. number of charges laid by the police c. fairness of the procedures d. role of the victim(s) ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 12 BLM: REMEMBER 28. What type of justice has been violated when an individual is found to have been wrongfully convicted? a. criminal justice b. fundamental justice c. substantive justice d. procedural justice ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 11-12 BLM: APPLY 29. What is the primary concern of procedural justice? a. the truthfulness of the allegation b. the accuracy of the verdict c. the fairness of the decision-making procedure d. the appropriateness of the sentence ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 12 BLM: REMEMBER 30. What is a central characteristic of the adversarial system of justice? a. Both parties involved have the right to argue about what evidence is considered by b. A prosecutor is only concerned that the government’s evidence is entered into cour c. The achievement of substantive justice is the only goal. d. The trial must be heard by a partial fact-finder. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 12 BLM: REMEMBER 31. What is the purpose of the adversarial system? a. to treat people fairly b. to convict the guilty c. to maintain substantive justice d. to search for the truth ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 12 BLM: REMEMBER 32. Madison is asked by the Crown prosecutor to plead guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence. What type of justice does this demonstrate? a. legal justice b. procedural c. substantive d. bargain