BIO 101 Class 2 Notes
• Evolution
o The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code
The diversity of life arises from differences in DNA sequences
Life has a unity and diversity
o The diversity of life can be arranged into 3 domains
Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes
• Single celled ??
Archeae are prokaryotes that often live in Earth’s extreme environments
• Single celled with no nuclei
Eukarya have eukaryotic cells and include
• Single-celled protists and
• Multicellular fungi, animals, and plants
o 1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
From his observations, Darwin inferred
• Individuals with heritable traits best suited to environment more
likely to survive and reproduce
• This unequal reproductive success over many generations, an
increasing proportion of individuals with advantageous traits
• Result: evolutionary adaptation, accumulation of favorable traits in
a population over time
o Same adaptations would only occur with same weather and
outside factors
o 1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: evolution is connected to our everyday lives
Human-caused environmental change are powerful selective forces that
affect the evolution of many species, including
• Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
• Pesticide-resistant bacteria
• Endangered species, and
• Increasing rates of extinction
o Technology evolves by the same kinda process, natural
selection by consumers
• New variations don’t come about from climate changes, climate
changes simply bring out already occurring adaptations
• Molecules
o Objectives
Explain how a cell can make large molecules from a small set of
molecules
Define polysaccharides and explain their functions
Define lipids, and explain their functions
Describe the chemical structure of proteins and their importance
Describe the chemical structure of nucleic acids and how they relate to
inheritance
Explain how lactose tolerance has evolved in humans
This study source was downloaded by 100000840275362 from CourseHero.com on 06-12-2022 07:02:36 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/7864580/BIO-101-Class-2-Notes/
, o 3.3 Cells make large molecules from a limited set of small molecules
4 classes of molecules important to organisms
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic acids
Macromolecules
• Polymers= made from building blocks (called monomers) strung
together
o Cells add monomers together to form polymers via a
Dehydration reaction
o Hydrolisis is the process by which macromolecules and
polymers are broken down into the smaller parts
Both reactions require the help of enzymes to make
or break bonds
• Reactions mediated by enzymes, which speed up chemical
reactions in cells
o 3.4 Monosaccharides: simplest carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
• Form rings in aqueous solutions
• Cellular fuels
• Incorporated into other organic molecules
• Ex. Glucose
Food for an organisms is anything that provides
energy and material for building new molecules
When used for fuel, molecules are released from
body in some way
• Carbs usually used for fuel
• 2 glucose make a Maltose
o 3.5 2 monosaccharaides link to form a disaccharide
o 3.7 polysaccharides: long chains of sugar units
Polysaccharides of glucose monomers
• Polysaccharides are macromolecules made by hundreds of
polymers
• Starch: plant energy storage
• Glycogen: animal energy storage
o Different form of glucose
• Cellulose: plant cell walls
o Most abundant organic compound on earth
o Don’t have enzymes to chemically break it down
Called insoluble fiber, the stuff that passes straight
through
• Chitin: insects and crustaceans exoskeleton
o The crunchiness when you step on a cockroach hahah
This study source was downloaded by 100000840275362 from CourseHero.com on 06-12-2022 07:02:36 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/7864580/BIO-101-Class-2-Notes/
• Evolution
o The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code
The diversity of life arises from differences in DNA sequences
Life has a unity and diversity
o The diversity of life can be arranged into 3 domains
Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes
• Single celled ??
Archeae are prokaryotes that often live in Earth’s extreme environments
• Single celled with no nuclei
Eukarya have eukaryotic cells and include
• Single-celled protists and
• Multicellular fungi, animals, and plants
o 1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
From his observations, Darwin inferred
• Individuals with heritable traits best suited to environment more
likely to survive and reproduce
• This unequal reproductive success over many generations, an
increasing proportion of individuals with advantageous traits
• Result: evolutionary adaptation, accumulation of favorable traits in
a population over time
o Same adaptations would only occur with same weather and
outside factors
o 1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: evolution is connected to our everyday lives
Human-caused environmental change are powerful selective forces that
affect the evolution of many species, including
• Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
• Pesticide-resistant bacteria
• Endangered species, and
• Increasing rates of extinction
o Technology evolves by the same kinda process, natural
selection by consumers
• New variations don’t come about from climate changes, climate
changes simply bring out already occurring adaptations
• Molecules
o Objectives
Explain how a cell can make large molecules from a small set of
molecules
Define polysaccharides and explain their functions
Define lipids, and explain their functions
Describe the chemical structure of proteins and their importance
Describe the chemical structure of nucleic acids and how they relate to
inheritance
Explain how lactose tolerance has evolved in humans
This study source was downloaded by 100000840275362 from CourseHero.com on 06-12-2022 07:02:36 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/7864580/BIO-101-Class-2-Notes/
, o 3.3 Cells make large molecules from a limited set of small molecules
4 classes of molecules important to organisms
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic acids
Macromolecules
• Polymers= made from building blocks (called monomers) strung
together
o Cells add monomers together to form polymers via a
Dehydration reaction
o Hydrolisis is the process by which macromolecules and
polymers are broken down into the smaller parts
Both reactions require the help of enzymes to make
or break bonds
• Reactions mediated by enzymes, which speed up chemical
reactions in cells
o 3.4 Monosaccharides: simplest carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
• Form rings in aqueous solutions
• Cellular fuels
• Incorporated into other organic molecules
• Ex. Glucose
Food for an organisms is anything that provides
energy and material for building new molecules
When used for fuel, molecules are released from
body in some way
• Carbs usually used for fuel
• 2 glucose make a Maltose
o 3.5 2 monosaccharaides link to form a disaccharide
o 3.7 polysaccharides: long chains of sugar units
Polysaccharides of glucose monomers
• Polysaccharides are macromolecules made by hundreds of
polymers
• Starch: plant energy storage
• Glycogen: animal energy storage
o Different form of glucose
• Cellulose: plant cell walls
o Most abundant organic compound on earth
o Don’t have enzymes to chemically break it down
Called insoluble fiber, the stuff that passes straight
through
• Chitin: insects and crustaceans exoskeleton
o The crunchiness when you step on a cockroach hahah
This study source was downloaded by 100000840275362 from CourseHero.com on 06-12-2022 07:02:36 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/7864580/BIO-101-Class-2-Notes/
