Reproductive System
00:00:19
The human reproductive system is defined as a sexual reproduction system. There are two parents, or it’s a
bi-parental system, meaning that the offspring receives its genes from two parents. The parents produce
gametes, which are sex cells that meet to join a fertilized egg or a zygote. The gametes must have two
properties; one being motility and the other being the ability to provide nutrition. One cell cannot provide both
of these characteristics because in order to provide nutrients, a cell must be large and heavy and therefore
cannot be modal.
00:01:07
In the human system, we have the male sex cell, called the sperm, which is very small and modal. The sperm
is the smallest human cell in the body, so it can be very modal. It consists of DNA and mitochondria in the
tale of the sperm. The female sex cell is a very large and nutrient-heavy cell. It is defined as the largest
human cell, and can be seen with the naked eye in some cases.
00:01:49
The reproductive system of the male and female consists of primary and secondary sex organs. The primary
sex organs are called gonads and will produce the gametes or the sex cells. The male gonad is the testis
and the female gonad is the ovary.
00:02:09
There are also secondary sex organs crucial to the entire reproductive system and process. In the male, it
consists of a system of ducts and glands, along with the penis, that allows for storage, survival and
conveyance of sperm. The female system contains the uterus, uterine tubes and a vagina, that allows for
the conveyance or the uniting of the sperm and the egg. It also provides a place for the zygote, or fertilized
egg, to harbor and develop into a fetus.
00:03:06
The male reproductive system will produce the sperm and introduce them to the female. The first part of the
anatomy that we want to talk about is the scrotum. It is a pouch that arises from the abdomen, and it contains
the testis or the male gonads. The testes are called an endocrine and exocrine gland because they produce
sex cells, which they release from a series of ducts, and they also produce hormones, specifically, steroid
hormones, like, testosterone, which they release directly into the bloodstream. So, the difference between
exocrine glands is that they will release their cells from a series of ducts, before they reach the bloodstream,
and endocrine glands release their substances or hormones directly into the bloodstream.
00:04:10
In the poster, we're looking at the body cut down the midsaggital plane, we can identify the scrotal sac, with
the testes inside. If we take a cross section of the testes, we find cells specifically designed to either produce
sperm or testosterone.
00:04:40
Seminiferous tubules are very tightly coiled tubes that are the site for sperm production. The specific cells
that complete this job are called spermatogenic cells. The interstitial cells are actually found in between the
seminiferous tubules, and these are the cells that will produce testosterone. Testosterone is the male sex
steroid hormone that will allow for the development of the male reproductive system and the development of
secondary sex characteristics. So, as a male ages and reaches puberty, the secondary sex characteristics
will begin to develop, for example, the deepening of the voice, broadening of the physique, developing facial
hair, which are all secondary sex characteristics, and the presence of testosterone is crucial for those to
develop. The testes are going to first develop in the abdomen, inside the abdominal cavity and through the
gestational period, they will descend and move down into the scrotal sac. They move down into the scrotum
by way of a structure called the inguinal canal. There is a condition called cryptorchidism, which is a
This study source was downloaded by 100000830246019 from CourseHero.com on 06-09-2022 07:23:25 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/52155173/experiment-7pdf-mmpdf/
, condition when the testis do not fully descend into the scrotum and if not corrected surgically, it can lead to
testicular cancer or infertility.
00:06:55
There is a structure called the epididymis, is a coiled tube which will provide a place for the sperm to mature
and then be stored, until it’s ready for elimination from the body. It sits right around the testis.
00:07:27
If sperm are stored there longer than 40-60 days, they are considered infertile sperm and the body will
reabsorb them, since the male body constantly produces new sperm. The epididymis takes a sharp, 180
degree turn, into a structure called the ductus or vas deferens.
00:08:07
It’s a muscular tube that helps to propel sperm out of the male reproductive tract. Once it reaches the next
part of the tract, called the urethra, it will be in emitted or ejaculated from the body.
00:08:25
This is where a vasectomy is performed, so a physician will palpate the tube and cut the tube, so the sperm
cannot be conveyed from the testis to the urethra, therefore, making that man infertile.
00:09:27
The urethra is a structure that is shared by the reproductive and urinary systems, meaning that the sperm
and urine will both travel through the structure, enclosed in the penis.
00:09:55
Looking at a cross section of the penis, we see that it is made of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue.
There are two masses, individually called corpus cavernosum, and one structure called the corpus
spongiosum, the erectile mass where the urethra is.
00:10:55
The female reproductive system is much more complex than that of the male. Females not only have to
produce and deliver the sex cells, but they also have to provide a safe harbor for the developing fetus.
Females have to provide a lot of nutrients, a very rich blood supply and a large space, in order for the fetus
to develop and grow. The female gonad is the ovary, and it is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It will
produce the sex cell called the egg or the ovum and it will also produce sex hormones in the female called
estrogen.
00:11:59
The interior of the ovary consists of a structure called ovarian follicles. All of these small, circular structures
are developing ovarian follicles throughout the female reproductive cycle. These follicles will grow and
produce a secondary oozyte or the egg cell, which will be released when a female ovulates.
00:12:40
Inside the ovary, are cells called granulosa or follicle cells. Granulosa cells are going to be those cells that
produce the sex hormone estrogen, just as the male sex hormone testosterone, was the masculinizing
hormone, the estrogen is the feminizing hormone. So, the presence of estrogen will allow for the development
of the female reproductive tract and it will also provide for the development of the secondary sex
characteristics in women, a narrowing of the shoulders, broadening of the hips, a higher pitched voice,
development of breasts and the development of body hair.
00:13:45
The next structure is called the fallopian tube, also called the uterine tube, and it is going to extend from each
ovary and travel over to the body of the uterus. The fallopian tubes have three sections. The first section is
called the infundibulum, with feathery projections that allow for the gathering and catching of the egg cell,
when it gets released from the ovary. So, as the egg cell is released and ovulated from the ovary, the feathery
projections, will point down and gather it in to shuffle it into the tube, so it is brought into the female
reproductive tract.
This study source was downloaded by 100000830246019 from CourseHero.com on 06-09-2022 07:23:25 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/52155173/experiment-7pdf-mmpdf/
00:00:19
The human reproductive system is defined as a sexual reproduction system. There are two parents, or it’s a
bi-parental system, meaning that the offspring receives its genes from two parents. The parents produce
gametes, which are sex cells that meet to join a fertilized egg or a zygote. The gametes must have two
properties; one being motility and the other being the ability to provide nutrition. One cell cannot provide both
of these characteristics because in order to provide nutrients, a cell must be large and heavy and therefore
cannot be modal.
00:01:07
In the human system, we have the male sex cell, called the sperm, which is very small and modal. The sperm
is the smallest human cell in the body, so it can be very modal. It consists of DNA and mitochondria in the
tale of the sperm. The female sex cell is a very large and nutrient-heavy cell. It is defined as the largest
human cell, and can be seen with the naked eye in some cases.
00:01:49
The reproductive system of the male and female consists of primary and secondary sex organs. The primary
sex organs are called gonads and will produce the gametes or the sex cells. The male gonad is the testis
and the female gonad is the ovary.
00:02:09
There are also secondary sex organs crucial to the entire reproductive system and process. In the male, it
consists of a system of ducts and glands, along with the penis, that allows for storage, survival and
conveyance of sperm. The female system contains the uterus, uterine tubes and a vagina, that allows for
the conveyance or the uniting of the sperm and the egg. It also provides a place for the zygote, or fertilized
egg, to harbor and develop into a fetus.
00:03:06
The male reproductive system will produce the sperm and introduce them to the female. The first part of the
anatomy that we want to talk about is the scrotum. It is a pouch that arises from the abdomen, and it contains
the testis or the male gonads. The testes are called an endocrine and exocrine gland because they produce
sex cells, which they release from a series of ducts, and they also produce hormones, specifically, steroid
hormones, like, testosterone, which they release directly into the bloodstream. So, the difference between
exocrine glands is that they will release their cells from a series of ducts, before they reach the bloodstream,
and endocrine glands release their substances or hormones directly into the bloodstream.
00:04:10
In the poster, we're looking at the body cut down the midsaggital plane, we can identify the scrotal sac, with
the testes inside. If we take a cross section of the testes, we find cells specifically designed to either produce
sperm or testosterone.
00:04:40
Seminiferous tubules are very tightly coiled tubes that are the site for sperm production. The specific cells
that complete this job are called spermatogenic cells. The interstitial cells are actually found in between the
seminiferous tubules, and these are the cells that will produce testosterone. Testosterone is the male sex
steroid hormone that will allow for the development of the male reproductive system and the development of
secondary sex characteristics. So, as a male ages and reaches puberty, the secondary sex characteristics
will begin to develop, for example, the deepening of the voice, broadening of the physique, developing facial
hair, which are all secondary sex characteristics, and the presence of testosterone is crucial for those to
develop. The testes are going to first develop in the abdomen, inside the abdominal cavity and through the
gestational period, they will descend and move down into the scrotal sac. They move down into the scrotum
by way of a structure called the inguinal canal. There is a condition called cryptorchidism, which is a
This study source was downloaded by 100000830246019 from CourseHero.com on 06-09-2022 07:23:25 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/52155173/experiment-7pdf-mmpdf/
, condition when the testis do not fully descend into the scrotum and if not corrected surgically, it can lead to
testicular cancer or infertility.
00:06:55
There is a structure called the epididymis, is a coiled tube which will provide a place for the sperm to mature
and then be stored, until it’s ready for elimination from the body. It sits right around the testis.
00:07:27
If sperm are stored there longer than 40-60 days, they are considered infertile sperm and the body will
reabsorb them, since the male body constantly produces new sperm. The epididymis takes a sharp, 180
degree turn, into a structure called the ductus or vas deferens.
00:08:07
It’s a muscular tube that helps to propel sperm out of the male reproductive tract. Once it reaches the next
part of the tract, called the urethra, it will be in emitted or ejaculated from the body.
00:08:25
This is where a vasectomy is performed, so a physician will palpate the tube and cut the tube, so the sperm
cannot be conveyed from the testis to the urethra, therefore, making that man infertile.
00:09:27
The urethra is a structure that is shared by the reproductive and urinary systems, meaning that the sperm
and urine will both travel through the structure, enclosed in the penis.
00:09:55
Looking at a cross section of the penis, we see that it is made of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue.
There are two masses, individually called corpus cavernosum, and one structure called the corpus
spongiosum, the erectile mass where the urethra is.
00:10:55
The female reproductive system is much more complex than that of the male. Females not only have to
produce and deliver the sex cells, but they also have to provide a safe harbor for the developing fetus.
Females have to provide a lot of nutrients, a very rich blood supply and a large space, in order for the fetus
to develop and grow. The female gonad is the ovary, and it is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It will
produce the sex cell called the egg or the ovum and it will also produce sex hormones in the female called
estrogen.
00:11:59
The interior of the ovary consists of a structure called ovarian follicles. All of these small, circular structures
are developing ovarian follicles throughout the female reproductive cycle. These follicles will grow and
produce a secondary oozyte or the egg cell, which will be released when a female ovulates.
00:12:40
Inside the ovary, are cells called granulosa or follicle cells. Granulosa cells are going to be those cells that
produce the sex hormone estrogen, just as the male sex hormone testosterone, was the masculinizing
hormone, the estrogen is the feminizing hormone. So, the presence of estrogen will allow for the development
of the female reproductive tract and it will also provide for the development of the secondary sex
characteristics in women, a narrowing of the shoulders, broadening of the hips, a higher pitched voice,
development of breasts and the development of body hair.
00:13:45
The next structure is called the fallopian tube, also called the uterine tube, and it is going to extend from each
ovary and travel over to the body of the uterus. The fallopian tubes have three sections. The first section is
called the infundibulum, with feathery projections that allow for the gathering and catching of the egg cell,
when it gets released from the ovary. So, as the egg cell is released and ovulated from the ovary, the feathery
projections, will point down and gather it in to shuffle it into the tube, so it is brought into the female
reproductive tract.
This study source was downloaded by 100000830246019 from CourseHero.com on 06-09-2022 07:23:25 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/52155173/experiment-7pdf-mmpdf/
