PSY 2012 REVIEW WITH ANSWERS

PSY 2012 REVIEW WITH ANSWERS Ch. 1 • Question 1 5 out of 5 points Although the bulk of psychology focuses on human behavior, studying animal behavior has been an essential part of the discipline that allows for . Selected Answer: c. making essential comparisons with humans • Question 2 Ancient Greek philosophers . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. provided natural explanations for their observations • Question 3 Functionalism emerged partly in response to the publication of . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. The Descent of Man, by Charles Darwin • Question 4 Contrary to popular belief during his time, Hermann von Helmholtz’s work on nerve conduction showed that . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. behavior is not instantaneous • Question 5 5 out of 5 points Between the17th and 19th centuries, supernatural explanations for psychological disorders began to give way to two scientific approaches: . Selected Answer: c. a medical model and a psychological model • Question 8 The psychological perspective that investigates how physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction is called psychology. 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. evolutionar y • Question 9 5 out of 5 points When psychologists examine psychological phenomena from different perspectives, it . Selected Answer: b. indicates different points of view about behavior • Question 10 Which of the following research questions is most likely to be asked by a cognitive psychologist? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. Do students learn material better when the learning takes place over time or when they “cram” for an exam? • Question 11 The psychology family tree includes two major roots: . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. philosophy and the natural sciences • Question 12 5 out of 5 points It is difficult for others to confirm an individual’s subjective introspections; therefore, this approach does not lend itself well to . Selected Answer: a. the scientific method • Question 14 The psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviors is called . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. clinical psychology • Question 15 Which leading behaviorist proposed the law of effect? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. Edward Thorndike • Question 17 A doctor notices that many soldiers returning from fighting in the trenches in World War I were 5 out of 5 points highly anxious, fearful of loud noises, and having difficulty reconnecting with their families. He asks them to record personal observations of their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a journal. This process is called . Selected Answer: d. introspection • Question 18 Walter is applying to graduate programs in psychology and is curious about current trends in the field. What trend is occurring in many psychology graduate school programs? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. Students are trained in combined specialties. • Question 19 5 out of 5 points What is the psychological perspective that focuses on the relationships between mind, behavior, and their underlying biological processes, including genetics, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology? Selected Answer: a. biological psychology • Question 20 Most philosophers beginning with Aristotle commonly believed that all knowledge is . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: Ch. 2 d. gained through sensory experience • Question 2 Science is best described as a(n) enterprise. 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. collaborative • Question 3 5 out of 5 points A newspaper headline reads, “Are intellectual pursuits the key to preventing Alzheimer’s disease?” The researchers scanned the brains of healthy seniors with no memory loss and asked the seniors to recall how much reading, writing, and game-playing they did in childhood. Those who reported doing daily brain activities from a young age had very low levels of amyloid plaques, which are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Which of the following best describes this study’s findings? Selected Answer: b. There is a negative correlation between intellectual pursuits and the presence of amyloid plaques. • Question 5 The numerical average of a set of scores is the . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. mean • Question 6 A method for assessing age-related changes that combines the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches by observing a cross-section of participants over a relatively limited period of time is 5 out of 5 points called a . Selected Answer: a. mixed longitudinal study • Question 7 5 out of 5 points Neil has gathered data regarding self-report of successful smoking cessation. He finds that one of the eight methods used by study participants accounts for a high proportion of the successes. The most useful measure of central tendency to report would be the . Selected Answer: a. mode • Question 8 A group that experiences all experimental procedures with the exception of exposure to the independent variable is called a . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. control group • Question 9 Which of the following term is most synonymous with “reliability”? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. consistenc y • Question 10 5 out of 5 points A variable that is irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested and can alter a researcher’s conclusions is called a(n) . Selected Answer: a. confounding variable • Question 14 A subset of a population being studied is called a . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. sample • Question 15 Professor Frankel is an editor for a psychology journal. She is considering which submissions to send out for peer review. Which of the following submissions is likely to receive the strongest consideration based on its research methods? Selected c. 5 out of 5 points Answer: a professor from Utah who used well-established methods • Question 17 Tomoko is developing a survey regarding anger management. Respondents rate their level of 5 out of 5 points agreement with each item on a scale of one to five. Item 4 states: “Given enough provocation, I may swear at a friend or family member.” Item 12 states: “I can think of no good reason for ever swearing at a friend or family member.” These questions seek to determine . Selected Answer: a. internal consistency • Question 18 An experimental study focuses on the effects that the amount of exercise has on the number of 5 out of 5 points calories consumed per day. The number of calories that a participant consumes is represented by the . Selected Answer: c. dependent variable • Question 19 The halfway mark in a set of data, with half of the scores above and half below, is the . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. median • Question 20 A factor that has a range of values is called a . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: Ch. 4 d. variable • Question 1 5 out of 5 points Melanie, a graduate student working in a neuroscience lab, grows neurons in a petri dish to study the effects of environmental toxins on neuronal communication. During one of Melanie’s experiments, she accidentally damages the axon of a neuron. What will be an immediate consequence of this mishap? Selected Answer: b. The neuron will not be able to transmit information to other cells. • Question 2 5 out of 5 points Before contemporary research methods were available, provided significant advancements in our understanding of the nervous system. Selected a. Answer: autopsies • Question 3 5 out of 5 points The is the part of the peripheral nervous system that brings sensory information to the central nervous system and transmits commands to the muscles. Selected Answer: d. somatic nervous system • Question 4 5 out of 5 points Hormones released from the gland control the production and release of sex hormones by the ovaries and testes, initiating puberty and maintaining fertility. Selected Answer: a. pituitary • Question 5 Junko’s grandmother survived a stroke but is paralyzed on her left side. She has likely suffered damage to her . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. right hemisphere • Question 6 5 out of 5 points A(n) is a neuron that carries information from the external environment, or from the body, back to the central nervous system. Selected Answer: c. sensory neuron • Question 7 5 out of 5 points The lobe in the cerebral cortex curves around the side of each hemisphere and is the location of the primary cortex. Selected Answer: c. temporal; auditory • Question 9 5 out of 5 points Molly, a second year neuroscience graduate student, treats neurons grown in a petri dish with drugs that “block” the function of neuronal receptors. What is a consequence of the drug treatment? Selected Answer: c. The neurons will become hyperpolarized and less likely to initiate another action potential. • Question 13 5 out of 5 points The relationship between neurons and glia is similar to the relationship between . Selected Answer: b. baseball players and their coaches • Question 14 How does myelination affect the signal transmission of a neuron? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. It speeds the transmission of a signal. • Question 15 5 out of 5 points Marcus is excited to be working in the laboratory of Dr. Flores, an expert on electrical signaling in neurons. However, he is surprised to learn that the research is done on squid axons placed in sea water. He asks Dr. Flores the reasons for this. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that Dr. Flores provides? Selected Answer: b. Squid axons are myelinated, increasing the speed of propagation of an action potential. • Question 16 5 out of 5 points Georgio is jogging barefoot along the beach when he suddenly steps on the sharp edge of a broken shell. He instantly feels pain due to the message carried to his brain by . He then slowly walks home with an achy foot. The message of the ache is carried by . Selected Answer: b. myelinated axons; unmyelinated axons • Question 17 Endorphin, short for “endogenous morphine,” is a neurotransmitter involved in . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. the perception of pain • Question 18 Why is the primary motor cortex important for the control of movement? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. It provides the highest level of voluntary control over movement. • Question 19 Doris’s heart suddenly races as a speeding car nearly collides with hers on the highway. Which neurotransmitter is playing a role in this response? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. epinephrine • Question 20 is a neurotransmitter that participates in movement, planning, and reward. 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: Ch. 5 a. Dopamine • Question 1 5 out of 5 points On a class trip to the Art Institute of Chicago, Sami is entranced by the painting, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, by Georges-Pierre Seurat. He is amazed that although the painting is constructed of individual dots of color, the objects in the painting are easily recognizable. According to Gestalt psychology, which of the following best explains this phenomenon? Selected Answer: b. proximity and similarity • Question 2 Before entering the auditory canal, sound waves are funneled into the outer ear via the . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. pinna • Question 3 Our primary method for localizing sound in the horizontal plane is . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. to compare the arrival time of sound at each ear • Question 4 5 out of 5 points Adele is planning to paint the walls in her room over spring break. She studies several color samples and is trying to decide between yellow, green, and blue hues. What light wave attribute allows Adele to differentiate between these colors? Selected Answer: b. the wavelength of the waves • Question 5 The primary colors of light are . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. red, green, and blue • Question 6 The best term to describe how the monocular depth cue of occlusion works would be . Selected b. 0 out of 5 points Answer: paralle l • Question 7 What anatomical feature of the retina supports the opponent theory of color recognition? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. Groups of cells that process yellow and blue or red and green are located together. • Question 8 Which statement is most consistent with the Gestalt psychology point of view? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. The whole is something else than the sum of its parts. • Question 9 5 out of 5 points The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina is the . Selected Answer: a. cornea • Question 10 What is the role of the amygdala in processing visual information? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. It makes quick emotional judgments about visual stimuli. • Question 11 5 out of 5 points Maria is the victim of an armed robbery. She is called into the police station to identify her assailant from a line-up of men. She correctly reports that none of the men were her attacker. This illustrates the concept of a(n) . Selected Answer: a. correct rejection • Question 12 How do sensory systems differ for humans versus nonhuman animals? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. Developed out of natural selection, sensory systems are used in unique ways by individual species (human or nonhuman) and work to maximize the survival of that species. • Question 13 5 out of 5 points The ability of an infant to use a binocular depth cue to use the relative size of objects to determine their distance first appears around months of age. Selected Answer: b. 5 to 7 • Question 14 Bottom-up processing involves the . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. brain’s use of incoming signals to construct perceptions • Question 15 What plays an especially significant role in the perception of music and speech? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. grouping • Question 17 Which feature of the eye is analogous to a hole in the center of a donut? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. pupil • Question 18 Which theory suggests that input from touch fibers competes with input from pain receptors, possibly preventing pain messages from reaching the brain? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. gate theory • Question 19 Doug lost his left leg in an automobile accident several months ago. He tells his wife that when he 5 out of 5 points was shaving his face one morning, he felt the same scraping sensation on his missing leg. What may account for Doug’s phantom limb sensation? Selected Answer: a. reorganization of the somatosensory cortex • Question 20 Noreen gazes out at the city lights from her 23rd floor apartment; Jonah feels a stinging pain after falling from his bike and scraping his elbow; Maher hears the loud wail of sirens outside his dorm 5 out of 5 points room window. The process that allows Noreen, Jonah, and Maher to detect these external or internal stimuli is termed . Selected Answer: Ch. 6 b. sensation • Question 1 Which disorder is correlated with individuals spending a greater portion of their sleeping time in REM? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. depression • Question 2 What is the physiological basis for night terrors? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry. • Question 3 5 out of 5 points What is the evidence to suggest that abrupt changes to one’s daily schedule are detrimental to human behavior? Selected Answer: a. Changing over to daylight savings time correlates with increased automobile accidents. • Question 4 What is true of opiates? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. Opiates have legitimate medical purposes, such as the control of diarrhea. • Question 5 Carlos stands in front of his Thursday night slam poetry group to recite his most recent work. He suddenly experiences temporary muscle paralysis but does not lose consciousness, a condition termed . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. cataplexy • Question 6 Corrina finds a quiet cubicle at the library and prepares for a long night of studying. While she studies, she is also aware of the conversation taking place at the next table. What aspect of consciousness describes Corrina’s awareness of both her textbook material and the other conversation? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. content of awareness • Question 8 5 out of 5 points The Student Union is holding its weekly Friday night “De-stress ’til Dawn” mixer. Brandon is hungry, Shelby is tired, and Tina feels cold. Which brain structure controls the internal biological clocks responsible for regulating these processes? Selected Answer: d. hypothalamus • Question 9 Methylphenidate is more commonly known by its trade name . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. Ritalin • Question 11 Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and tells him, “Where am I? This isn’t our bedroom.” After a visit to the emergency room, Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her lobe. 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. tempora l • Question 12 Of the following, for which has hypnosis been found an effective intervention? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. pain relief • Question 13 Dharni lights up a cigarette before her creative writing class. What effect is the nicotine in the cigarette likely to have on Dharni? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. She will be more alert and more relaxed. • Question 14 Aurora talks to her therapist about a recurring dream in which she encounters a ferocious lion that has just escaped from local zoo. She works with her therapist to learn how to form a conscious 5 out of 5 points awareness of the dream and to control the dream by turning the lion into a kitten. What technique is Aurora utilizing? Selected Answer: d. lucid dreaming • Question 15 Study participants who were selectively deprived of Stages 3 and 4 N-REM sleep reported . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. muscle and joint pain • Question 16 Imaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggest that meditation represents a voluntary regulation of attention and functions. 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. autonomic • Question 18 5 out of 5 points Dr. Sanchez is a behavioral psychologist who studies learning and memory in rats. Because rats are most active at night, she asks the animal resource facility to reverse their light-dark cycle to accommodate her experiments. However, the animal facility is reluctant to disrupt the rats’ current , which lasts for “about a day.” Selected Answer: b. circadian rhythm • Question 19 Selena weeds her garden while thinking about what she will wear to her daughter’s graduation ceremony. What brain network is engaged while Selena daydreams? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. the “DMN” • Question 20 A shift in one’s circadian rhythm during adolescence, which leads to peak alertness at night, is thought to correlate with . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: Ch. 7 c. a burst in brain development • Question 1 5 out of 5 points In one study (Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stucke, 2001), students who were told that a personality test revealed that they were “the type likely to end up alone later in life” were more likely to . Selected Answer: a. show less empathy and act aggressively • Question 2 5 out of 5 points Consider the case of Eliot (Damasio, 1994), who had frontal lobe surgery to remove a tumor. What did we learn with regard to the brain’s use of emotional information? Selected Answer: d. Emotions provide a bridge to past experiences that can be used to set priorities such as approach and avoidance. • Question 3 As many as % of individuals with eating disorders today are males. 5 out of 5 points Selected c. Answer: 25 • Question 4 Interested in losing weight, Patrick seeks the advice of his doctor. Dr. Burns recommends a medication that can help Patrick by inhibiting the absorption of fats by the digestive tract. What medication is Patrick’s doctor recommending? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. orlistat • Question 5 Patient S. M. is able to recognize the emotions of happiness, sadness, and disgust portrayed in 5 out of 5 points photographs, but has selective difficulty identifying fear correction. Which brain region has probably suffered damage in this patient? Selected Answer: b. amygdala • Question 6 5 out of 5 points The emotional quality of pain likely results from information processing at which level of the brain? Selected Answer: d. cingulate cortex • Question 7 As part of his honor’s thesis, Braydon develops a survey to evaluate the update of Maslow’s 5 out of 5 points hierarchy of needs by Kenrick and colleagues (2010). Braydon is most interested in determining if men and women differ in the highest level of motivation, which is . Selected Answer: a. parenting • Question 8 How does motivation offer a survival advantage? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. It prevents the waste of precious energy resources. • Question 9 5 out of 5 points According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). Selected Answer: a. the ideal amount of arousal interacts with the complexity of a task to determine performance • Question 10 The binge-purge cycling of bulimia nervosa involves processes similar to those of . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. addiction • Question 11 Baby Alec squints his face, squeezes his fists, and tightens up his body muscles. His mother immediately runs over to try to soothe him. Alec’s actions demonstrate that . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. emotions are easily communicated through nonverbal means • Question 12 5 out of 5 points According to research (Bryant & Haselton, 2009), women who are ovulating are more likely to . Selected Answer: a. speak in higher tones • Question 13 We can think of motivation as a process that maintains . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. homeostasis • Question 14 Sexual orientation is best defined as . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. a stable pattern of attraction to members of a particular sex • Question 15 Suppose that it is 1964, and that Betty, a homemaker who put on weight with each of her three 5 out of 5 points pregnancies, wants to lose 20 pounds. What medication would have been prescribed to Betty at that time to help her lose weight? Selected Answer: c. amphetamines • Question 16 Following a serious automobile accident several months ago, Lata is not able to read her bosses facial expressions to determine if he is happy or disappointed with her performance. Lata likely 5 out of 5 points suffered damage to her . Selected Answer: c. insula • Question 17 Incentive theories of motivation are to as drive theories are to . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. pull; push • Question 18 What is the connection between romantic love and sexual desire? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. Romantic love and sexual desire represent distinct biological and emotional states. • Question 19 5 out of 5 points Drive theories of motivation are often described as “ ” theories because internal drives move an organism toward a goal. Selected Answer: b. push • Question 20 Hours into their cross-country road trip, Omar and Carl are famished. The two friends argue about 5 out of 5 points what to do. Should they stop at a highway rest stop, or search for a place to eat in the nearest town? They decide to stop this time at a rest stop, and next time in town. How is motivation demonstrated in this scenario? Selected Answer: Ch. 8 a. They seek to eat food. • Question 2 Ira has a problem where he tends to speak without thinking, and this has caused him to lose friend and to damage relationships at work. To reduce the frequency of this behavior, Ira wears a rubber band that fit loosely around his wrist .Whenever he begins to speak without thinking, he “snaps” himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit. This is an example of therapy. 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. aversion • Question 3 What is true of latent inhibition? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in relatively poor learning. • Question 5 Dr. Graham exposes rats to a vanilla scent prior to receiving a food pellet in the left corner of their cage, but provides no food after exposure to a lemon scent. After several trials, upon smelling a vanilla scent, the rats wait at the far left corner of the cage regardless of whether a food pellet is present. However, they do not wait in the far left corner when exposed to the lemon scent. What is the unconditioned stimulus in the experiment? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. food pellet • Question 9 5 out of 5 points Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: (1) ignoring them; (2) encouraging and rewarding them for contributing to the class discussion; (3) removing their opportunities to participate in field trips; and (4) requiring them each to write an essay on proper behavior. In the order presented, list the operant conditioning principles she has applied to the situation. Selected Answer: a. extinction, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment • Question 13 Who is likely to discontinue his or her behavior first if reinforcement completely stops? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. Sam, who receives $20 each time he mows his neighbor’s lawn • Question 14 When he was 9 years old, Mike tried shrimp for the first time but fell very ill shortly thereafter. Within a few hours he was vomiting and was sick for the rest of the night. Now, years later, Mike cannot bring himself to eat shrimp. This is an example of . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. classical conditioning • Question 16 Why does associative learning provide an enormous survival advantage? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. Organisms can predict the future and thus are given time to prepare for future events. • Question 17 5 out of 5 points In Garcia and Koelling’s taste aversion study, why were the rats unable to associate a bright-noisy stimulus with feeling ill? Selected Answer: b. The rats relied more on taste and smell rather than vision and hearing for identifying food. • Question 18 5 out of 5 points Derek is frustrated that his 1 ½-year-old dog does not let him know when he needs to go outside to urinate. Sometimes he comes home to find a mess near the door. Which training method is most likely to be successful? Selected Answer: b. Derek takes his dog outside on a fixed schedule and promptly gives him a treat for urinating outside. • Question 19 5 out of 5 points A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors is called a schedule. Selected Answer: a. fixed ratio • Question 20 What type of learning is most influential in developing and maintaining culture? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: Ch. 9 d. observational learning • Question 2 The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon reflects that retrieval is a(n) . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. step-by-step process that moves closer to the target • Question 3 Long-term potentiation shares many features with memory, such as being . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. long-lasting and formed after a very brief exposure to stimuli • Question 4 Jenna tickles her 5-year-old son. This sensory input is first translated into . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. haptic code • Question 5 Manuel is teaching his 3-year-old son Joey the alphabet song. Joey sings “A B C D J R P X Y Z.” This is an example of . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. the primacy and recency effects • Question 6 Anna is called on by her professor to share the definition of long-term potentiation with the class. 5 out of 5 points She states that it is the enhancement of communication between two neurotransmitters resulting from their synchronous activation. Her definition is inaccurate with regard to the use of the term . Selected Answer: b. neurotransmitte r • Question 7 Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the definition of the term forgetting? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. Chris is finding it increasingly difficult to remember the Latin vocabulary he learned in high school. • Question 8 What theory views the mind as an interconnected network made up of simpler units? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. the connectionist theory • Question 9 Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. they provide more cues • Question 10 5 out of 5 points Which of the following techniques would be most helpful to Hannah while studying for her Gender and Society exam? Selected Answer: a. taking practice tests • Question 11 5 out of 5 points After class, Anita and Bev make plans to study for their psychology exam together but cannot decide on a time or location. In addition, Anita realizes that she left her phone in her apartment. Anita and Bev agree that it is easiest to meet at Bev’s dorm. Bev gives Anita her room number and passcode. Anita likely will be able to retain this information in short-term memory, without additional processing, for . Selected Answer: c. no more than 30 seconds • Question 12 The four components of working memory proposed by Baddeley et al. are called the central executive, the episodic buffer, the visuospatial sketch pad, and the loop. 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. phonological • Question 13 5 out of 5 points In most cases, information moves from short-term or working memory to long-term memory through . Selected Answer: b. rehearsa l • Question 14 Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all 50 states. This is an example of memory. 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. semanti c • Question 15 A set of expectations about objects and situations is called a(n) . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. schema • Question 16 5 out of 5 points Which of the following is believed to result from the storage of a list of items in long-term memory through rehearsal? Selected Answer: b. the primacy effect • Question 17 Allan and Bob are debating the true meaning of the term memory. How does your textbook define this process? Selected b. 5 out of 5 points Answer: the ability to retain knowledge • Question 18 5 out of 5 points Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because . Selected Answer: a. working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time • Question 19 Ashley is studying a list of vocabulary words for her psychology exam. Which of the following would be most effective for recalling definitions during the exam? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. cues based on her own experiences • Question 20 Which of the following is the best description of interference? Ch. 11 • Question 1 The ectoderm develops into . 5 out of 5 points 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. nerve tissue and skin • Question 3 5 out of 5 points Alexa is 15 years old. She is very involved in environmental issues, including broad issues such as finding alternatives to fossil fuels and the protection of biodiversity on the planet. According to Piaget, Alexa is in the stage of cognitive development. Selected Answer: c. formal operational • Question 4 The average age at which each motor milestone is met . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. falls within a wide range of normal development • Question 5 During pregnancy, which organ provides the developing fetus with nutrients and oxygen, and protects it from exposure to a variety of toxins and disease-causing agents? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. placenta • Question 6 The study of human development considers changes in behavior . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. that correlate with growth or maturation • Question 7 During prenatal development the begins to differentiate into the cells of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. zygote • Question 8 5 out of 5 points A spurt in myelination occurs between the ages of 6 and 13 years in parts of the brain associated with . Selected Answer: c. language and spatial relations • Question 10 What role does habituation play in evaluating a baby’s sensory capacities? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he or she likely cannot tell the difference between them. • Question 11 In what order do the following steps of development occur? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. raise head, roll, sit, crawl, walk, hop • Question 12 What is object permanence? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. the ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present • Question 15 According to the theory of Jean Piaget, how is egocentrism defined? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. the limited ability to understand the point of view of other people • Question 17 During adolescence, which of the following reach(es) adult levels? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. working memory and reaction time • Question 19 5 out of 5 points We produce many more synapses than we need, and then retain only those that are used in a “use it or lose it” fashion. What does this demonstrate? Selected Answer: b. the important role of experience in wiring the brain Ch. 14 Question 2 5 out of 5 points In the DSM-5, the criteria for antisocial personality disorder are . Selected Answer: b. quite similar to the definition of psychopathy Question 3 Which of the following people is within a group that would have the highest chance of 5 out of 5 points experiencing PTSD after witnessing the attacks on the twin towers of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001? Selected Answer: b. Esperanza, a Colombian woman, who recently moved to New York City and has few family members or friends there Question 4 5 out of 5 points In brain imaging studies, people with antisocial personality disorder showed relatively little activity in the amygdala, which normally . Selected Answer: a. participates in recognition of fear and other negative emotions in others Question 5 5 out of 5 points In the development of autism spectrum disorder, environmental factors are likely to interact with genetics, especially . Selected Answer: c. during sensitive periods of brain development Question 7 5 out of 5 points Eileen works in a crowded downtown neighborhood. She constantly worries that her car will be stolen while she is at work, and repeatedly goes back and checks to see that it is locked before finally arriving at the office, frequently late. Her therapist explains that returning to her car so often is a way to reduce the anxiety created by her obsessive thoughts. This is a(n) . Selected Answer: d. learning explanation based on operant conditioning Question 8 5 out of 5 points In order to understand the reciprocal relationships between factors that lead to psychological disorders, which is the most helpful perspective? Selected Answer: a. integrated Question 9 5 out of 5 points Which of the following scenarios is most suggestive of someone who might intend to commit suicide? Selected Answer: d. Ethan gives his roommate his hardcover collection of Harry Potter books, saying, “I want you to have these.” Question 10 5 out of 5 points Professor Hall is giving a surprise test in economics class. All other things being equal, which of the following students is likely to make the most errors on the exam? Selected Answer: b. Lorena, who is depressed that her boyfriend broke up with her and cannot stop thinking about how awful she feels Question 12 What is borderline personality disorder? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. a disorder characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self- image, and emotion Question 13 5 out of 5 points Roy is a competitive snowboarder with a dream of being on the Olympic team someday. After a series of poor finishes and falls during competitions, he tells his parents that he was never very good, he will never make the Olympic team, and snowboarding is a stupid sport anyway. Inside he begins to think that he will never be happy doing anything but snowboarding, and that he must be a huge failure. His parents worry that he is becoming depressed. This is a . Selected Answer: d. cognitive theory of depression Question 14 Body dysmorphic disorder shows a significant influence of . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. heredity Question 15 A dissociative disorder is characterized by disruptions in a person’s . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. identity, memory, or consciousness Question 16 5 out of 5 points One unfortunate result of the scientifically unsupported contention that vaccinations play a major role in the development of autism spectrum disorder is that in the first half of 2008, rates of cases in the United States doubled as compared to the rates observed between 2000 and 2007. Selected Answer: b. measles Question 17 5 out of 5 points Tony is 16. His oldest brother is in his twenties and is showing signs that the doctors now believe are related to schizophrenia. Tony and his friends enjoy relaxing by listening to music and smoking marijuana. How might this affect Tony’s risk of developing schizophrenia? Selected Answer: b. It will double his risk. Question 18 5 out of 5 points One reliable correlate of schizophrenia is the presence of enlarged ventricles, which indicates that schizophrenia is associated with . Selected Answer: c. neural degeneration Question 19 What is bipolar disorder? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression Question 20 Of the following, who is demonstrating a compulsion? 5 out of 5 points Ellen, who worries about the contamination on other people’s hands and on door knobs at her office Selected Answer: Ch. 15 d. Andrew, who has a precise, daily coffee-making routine that cannot be disrupted QueQuestion 2 5 out of 5 points When it comes to the use of scientifically valid psychological treatments, what can we assume? Selected Answer: b. A lack of scientific support does not always prevent an approach from being widely used. Question 3 5 out of 5 points Chandra, who is interested in the field of holistic medicine, attends a conference on hypnosis. During one seminar, she learned that hypnosis originated as a treatment for . Selected Answer: d. hysteria Question 4 5 out of 5 points Juan has battled moderate depression for most of his life. He seeks out the help of a mental health professional, who recommends a form of psychotherapy known as brief therapy. What can Juan expect from this type of therapy? Selected Answer: c. The therapy will be based on solution-building rather than on problem- solving. Question 5 5 out of 5 points Cognitive behavioral therapy has an excellent record of success, particularly in the treatment of . Selected Answer: c. major depressive disorder Question 6 5 out of 5 points Genaya recently sought help for her obsessive-compulsive disorder after she found that she could not control her compulsion to pull out her hair. Her therapist, who uses behavioral techniques, suggested that when Genaya feels the overwhelming urge to pull out her hair, she should . Selected Answer: d. distract herself with a competing activity Question 7 5 out of 5 points Bart was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia and has since started taking Thorazine. He meets with his doctor, Dr. Aimes, at a follow-up visit to evaluate his progress on Thorazine. Ultimately, Dr. Aimes decides to switch Bart to Clozaril. She explains to Bart that Clozaril will provide some advantages over Thorazine because it . Selected Answer: b. may alleviate the negative symptoms of schizophrenia Question 8 5 out of 5 points Barbiturates were once commonly used to treat anxiety; however, they are not ideal because they . Selected Answer: a. are highly addictive Question 9 5 out of 5 points Bart was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia and has since started taking Thorazine. He meets with his doctor, Dr. Aimes, at a follow-up visit to evaluate his progress on Thorazine. After deciding to switch Bart from Thorazine to Clozaril, Dr. Aimes tells Bart that she will need to meet with him again very soon to monitor a new batch of potential side effects, such as . Selected Answer: d. diabetes Question 11 Which word best describes the role of the therapist in the humanistic approach to psychotherapy? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. nondirective Question 14 According to humanistic theories, much of human unhappiness results from . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. conditional regard Question 17 What is a major benefit of group therapy? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. It can help to decrease the sense of isolation that can accompany a mental health struggle. Question 18 5 out of 5 points Therapists face many challenges when counseling married couples. Compared with couples where infidelity is not an issue, how do couples dealing with infidelity fare in couple’s therapy? Selected Answer: b. Although they initially show more distress than faithful couples, they fare as well in therapy. Question 19 5 out of 5 points In the 1950s, Henri Laborit encouraged his psychiatric colleagues to try phenothiazines on their psychotic patients. What led him to make this suggestion? Selected Answer: b. The drugs produced a calming effect on surgical patients. Question 20 Person-centered therapy was developed by . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: Ch. 16 d. Carl Rogers • Question 2 How does the text define resilience? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. the ability to adapt to life’s challenges in positive ways • Question 3 Blake is trying very hard to quit smoking but his friend Javier still smokes, often while they watch sports events together on the television. Just the smell of Javier’s cigarette makes him crave a cigarette. What should he do? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: b. Avoid situations where Javier will light a cigarette to avoid conditioned stimuli. • Question 4 5 out of 5 points Three weeks after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, prevalence of PTSD among children in Sri Lanka ranged between 14% and 39% and could be predicted by variables such as family loss and severity of exposure. This finding indicates that . Selected Answer: a. children are particularly susceptible to stress and PTSD • Question 5 5 out of 5 points What was a finding in the study by Nedeltcheva and colleagues (2010) presented in the text regarding the interaction of sleep and diet? Selected Answer: c. Participants who slept 8.5 hours per night lost about equal amounts of weight as those who slept less. • Question 6 What is a stressor? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: d. a stimulus that serves as a source of stress • Question 7 5 out of 5 points Which group encouraged the shift from the study of the abnormal and unhealthy in psychology to the study of outstanding individuals and self-actualization? Selected Answer: c. the humanists • Question 9 In the United States, which of the following persons is most likely to smoke? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. John, who is from a multiracial background, has difficulty finding and keeping jobs, has not attended college, and is starting to show signs of paranoia • Question 10 5 out of 5 points While hiking with a friend in the Sierra Nevada mountains in California, Lenny comes face-to-face with a young bear on the trail. Lenny rapidly enters the first stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome. His brainstem initiates the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which increases his vigilance and fear. This is part of his . Selected Answer: a. physical response • Question 11 Which of the following is most accurate regarding the trait of hope? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. Hopeful people withstand more pain and stress because they believe the future will be better. • Question 12 The Holmes and Rahe scales have been used to predict vulnerability to physical illness and psychological disorder due to different stressors that are . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. negative and positive changes in life • Question 13 5 out of 5 points One of the possible outcomes of chronic stress is prolonged high levels of circulating cortisol. What harmful effects might result? Selected Answer: c. the death of neurons and the inhibition of neurogenesis • Question 14 Very short-term bursts of stress can have a beneficial effect on many biological systems, including the system, which is your body’s frontline defense against infection and cancer. 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. immune • Question 15 What is the second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: c. coping with ongoing stress • Question 17 Once the amygdala has identified a stimulus as potentially dangerous, it communicates with the . 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. hypothalamus • Question 18 5 out of 5 points Elizabeth’s boss removes her from a project team working on an important presentation because of repeated tardiness. Her response is to leave the office immediately and drown her sorrows by eating a pint of her favorite ice cream. This is an example of . Selected Answer: b. negative problem-focused coping • Question 19 Which expression best illustrates the idiosyncratic nature of stress? 5 out of 5 points Selected Answer: a. “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.” • Question 20 5 out of 5 points What is one of the reasons that those who score highest on the “pleasant life,” without comparable scores on either the “good life” and/or the “meaningful life,” tend to be less happy? Selected Answer: b. The response to pleasure tends to be highly heritable.