Bootcamp.com - Cellular Energy Test_ Answered all correct
(updated 2022)
_____ processes break down large macromolecules into smaller pieces, and usually release
energy in the form of ATP
✅- Catabolic processes break down large macromolecules into smaller pieces, and usually
release energy in the form of ATP
(think catabolic = cannibalism)
_____ processes extract energy from ATP and use it to build larger, more complex
macromolecules
✅- anabolic
_____ is a unique type of potential energy, where the chemical bonds serve as a store of
internal energy (U) and have the potential to be used to do work
✅- chemical energy
(potential energy has to do with an object's position)
what is the most common form of "non-useful" energy release?
✅- heat
_____ measures a system's useful, work performing energy
✅- Gibbs free energy (G)
_____ describes a system's energy as it progresses from an initial to final state
✅- free energy change (ΔG)
_____ is the energy associated with molecular bond energies
✅- enthalpy (H)
change in enthalpy (ΔH) is the _____ between the initial and final states of a reaction
✅- bond energy difference
a negative ΔH means that heat is _____, while a positive ΔH implies that heat is _____
✅- released; absorbed
catabolic reactions release free energy (_____), so they are an example of an _____ reaction
✅- -ΔG; exergonic
reactants (initial position) contain more internal energy than the products (final state) in
_____ reactions
,✅- exergonic
EXergonic reactions mean that free energy is _____ the system
✅- EXiting
exergonic reactions are _____
✅- spontaneous
anabolic reactions absorb free energy (_____), so they are an example of an _____ reaction
✅- +ΔG; endergonic
reactants (initial state) contain less internal energy than the products (final condition) in
_____ reactions
✅- endergonic
endergonic reactions are _____ reactions
✅- non-spontaneous
if ∆G is _____, the reaction can occur spontaneously
✅- negative
if ∆G is _____, the reaction is non-spontaneous
✅- positive
a system with a higher Gibbs free energy is considered _____ stable
✅- less
a system with a lower Gibbs free energy is considered _____ stable
✅- more
ATP is an _____ nucleoside triphosphate
✅- RNA
write the overall chemical formula for aerobic cellular respiration:
✅- C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
ATP has 3 phosphates covalently linked to a _____ sugar, which also connects to an _____
nitrogenous base
✅- ribose; adenine
_____ are the bonds found between phosphate groups
✅- phosphoanhydride bonds
,ATP molecules are _____ because the three phosphate groups are all negatively charged and
repel each other
✅- unstable
_____ is the cellular energy currency ✅- ATP
ATP → ADP +Pi is a _____ reaction
✅- hydrolysis
ATP hydrolysis reactions release free energy, making them _____ and _____
✅- spontaneous; exergonic
ADP + Pi → ATP is a _____ reaction
✅- condensation
condensation reactions absorb free energy, making them _____ and _______
✅- non-spontaneous; endergonic
ATP provides energy for all cells by transferring _____ from ATP to another molecule
✅- phosphate
(reaction coupling)
_____ links unfavorable reactions with favorable ones, as long as the net free energy change
(ΔG) for the two reactions is negative (exergonic and spontaneous)
✅- reaction coupling
_____ make many ATP molecules through cellular respiration
✅- mitochondria
where are mitochondria found in a eukaryotic cell?
✅- floating in the cytosol
(as a component of the cytoplasm)
how many membranes do mitochondria have?
✅- 2
the inner mitochondrial membrane has many indentations called _____ that increase the
surface area
✅- cristae
the acidic region between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes is the _____
✅- intermembrane space
, the intermembrane space between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes is
the_____ region
✅- acidic
the area deep to the inner mitochondrial membrane is the _____ ✅- mitochondrial matrix
Human muscle cells (myocytes) have a high energy requirement, so there are many _____ in
them ✅- mitochondria
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) function to carry as much oxygen as possible, therefore, they
tend to not contain any _____ ✅- mitochondria
the mitochondrial matrix contains its own circular _____ and _____ ✅- DNA; ribosomes
the _____ says that the aerobic bacteria became mitochondria, while the photosynthetic
bacteria became chloroplasts ✅- endosymbiotic theory
the endosymbiotic theory says that the aerobic bacteria became _____, while the
photosynthetic bacteria became _____ ✅- mitochondria; chloroplasts
aerobic cellular respiration is a sizable _____ pathway that requires _____ ✅- catabolic;
oxygen
what are the 4 components of aerobic cellular respiration? ✅- glycolysis; pyruvate
manipulations; the Krebs cycle; oxidative phosphorylation
the 4 pathways of aerobic cellular respiration work to break _____ into carbon dioxide and
water, with the generation of _____ ✅- glucose; ATP
the 4 pathways of aerobic cellular respiration work to break glucose into _____ and _____,
with the generation of ATP ✅- carbon dioxide; water
is aerobic cellular respiration overall endergonic or exergonic? ✅- exergonic
is aerobic cellular respiration overall oxidative or reductive? ✅- oxidative
_____ converts a six-carbon glucose molecule into 2 three-carbon compounds called
pyruvate ✅- glycolysis
glycolysis converts a six-carbon glucose molecule into _____ three-carbon compounds called
_____ ✅- 2; pyruvate
(updated 2022)
_____ processes break down large macromolecules into smaller pieces, and usually release
energy in the form of ATP
✅- Catabolic processes break down large macromolecules into smaller pieces, and usually
release energy in the form of ATP
(think catabolic = cannibalism)
_____ processes extract energy from ATP and use it to build larger, more complex
macromolecules
✅- anabolic
_____ is a unique type of potential energy, where the chemical bonds serve as a store of
internal energy (U) and have the potential to be used to do work
✅- chemical energy
(potential energy has to do with an object's position)
what is the most common form of "non-useful" energy release?
✅- heat
_____ measures a system's useful, work performing energy
✅- Gibbs free energy (G)
_____ describes a system's energy as it progresses from an initial to final state
✅- free energy change (ΔG)
_____ is the energy associated with molecular bond energies
✅- enthalpy (H)
change in enthalpy (ΔH) is the _____ between the initial and final states of a reaction
✅- bond energy difference
a negative ΔH means that heat is _____, while a positive ΔH implies that heat is _____
✅- released; absorbed
catabolic reactions release free energy (_____), so they are an example of an _____ reaction
✅- -ΔG; exergonic
reactants (initial position) contain more internal energy than the products (final state) in
_____ reactions
,✅- exergonic
EXergonic reactions mean that free energy is _____ the system
✅- EXiting
exergonic reactions are _____
✅- spontaneous
anabolic reactions absorb free energy (_____), so they are an example of an _____ reaction
✅- +ΔG; endergonic
reactants (initial state) contain less internal energy than the products (final condition) in
_____ reactions
✅- endergonic
endergonic reactions are _____ reactions
✅- non-spontaneous
if ∆G is _____, the reaction can occur spontaneously
✅- negative
if ∆G is _____, the reaction is non-spontaneous
✅- positive
a system with a higher Gibbs free energy is considered _____ stable
✅- less
a system with a lower Gibbs free energy is considered _____ stable
✅- more
ATP is an _____ nucleoside triphosphate
✅- RNA
write the overall chemical formula for aerobic cellular respiration:
✅- C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
ATP has 3 phosphates covalently linked to a _____ sugar, which also connects to an _____
nitrogenous base
✅- ribose; adenine
_____ are the bonds found between phosphate groups
✅- phosphoanhydride bonds
,ATP molecules are _____ because the three phosphate groups are all negatively charged and
repel each other
✅- unstable
_____ is the cellular energy currency ✅- ATP
ATP → ADP +Pi is a _____ reaction
✅- hydrolysis
ATP hydrolysis reactions release free energy, making them _____ and _____
✅- spontaneous; exergonic
ADP + Pi → ATP is a _____ reaction
✅- condensation
condensation reactions absorb free energy, making them _____ and _______
✅- non-spontaneous; endergonic
ATP provides energy for all cells by transferring _____ from ATP to another molecule
✅- phosphate
(reaction coupling)
_____ links unfavorable reactions with favorable ones, as long as the net free energy change
(ΔG) for the two reactions is negative (exergonic and spontaneous)
✅- reaction coupling
_____ make many ATP molecules through cellular respiration
✅- mitochondria
where are mitochondria found in a eukaryotic cell?
✅- floating in the cytosol
(as a component of the cytoplasm)
how many membranes do mitochondria have?
✅- 2
the inner mitochondrial membrane has many indentations called _____ that increase the
surface area
✅- cristae
the acidic region between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes is the _____
✅- intermembrane space
, the intermembrane space between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes is
the_____ region
✅- acidic
the area deep to the inner mitochondrial membrane is the _____ ✅- mitochondrial matrix
Human muscle cells (myocytes) have a high energy requirement, so there are many _____ in
them ✅- mitochondria
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) function to carry as much oxygen as possible, therefore, they
tend to not contain any _____ ✅- mitochondria
the mitochondrial matrix contains its own circular _____ and _____ ✅- DNA; ribosomes
the _____ says that the aerobic bacteria became mitochondria, while the photosynthetic
bacteria became chloroplasts ✅- endosymbiotic theory
the endosymbiotic theory says that the aerobic bacteria became _____, while the
photosynthetic bacteria became _____ ✅- mitochondria; chloroplasts
aerobic cellular respiration is a sizable _____ pathway that requires _____ ✅- catabolic;
oxygen
what are the 4 components of aerobic cellular respiration? ✅- glycolysis; pyruvate
manipulations; the Krebs cycle; oxidative phosphorylation
the 4 pathways of aerobic cellular respiration work to break _____ into carbon dioxide and
water, with the generation of _____ ✅- glucose; ATP
the 4 pathways of aerobic cellular respiration work to break glucose into _____ and _____,
with the generation of ATP ✅- carbon dioxide; water
is aerobic cellular respiration overall endergonic or exergonic? ✅- exergonic
is aerobic cellular respiration overall oxidative or reductive? ✅- oxidative
_____ converts a six-carbon glucose molecule into 2 three-carbon compounds called
pyruvate ✅- glycolysis
glycolysis converts a six-carbon glucose molecule into _____ three-carbon compounds called
_____ ✅- 2; pyruvate
