Final Exam Study Guide APIII
Innate and adaptive systems, how they work and interact (Lymphatic
System)
Innate (non specific)-defenses that are present at birth, 1)first line
of defense are the physical and chemical barriers of the SKIN and
mucous membranes,
o Mechanical Defense-
Skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, mucus, cilia,
epiglottis, urine flow, defecating, vomiting
Chemical Defense-
Sebum, lysozyme, gastric juice
2) the second line of defense are the Internal defenses
;antimicrobial protiens, natural killer cells, phagocytes (Phagocyte
(white blood) engulfs microbe), inflammation, and fever. Innate
immunity responses represent immunity’s early warning system and
are designed to prevent microbes from entering the body and to
help eliminate those that do gain access.
They help each other because innate presents the T cell, once the
pathogen is being killed or being rendered
Adaptive (specific) immunity refers to defenses that involve specific
recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity
defenses. Based on a specific response to a specific microbe, that is,
it adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe. Involves
lymphocytes called T cells and B cells.
o Adaptive immunity has both specificity and memory and is
divided into 2 types
Cell-mediated
An antigen is recognized and bound
A small number of T cells proliferate and
differentiate into a clone of effector cells
The antigen is eliminated
Antibody-mediated
An antigen is recognized and bound
Helper T cells co-stimulate the B cell so the B cell
can proliferate and differentiate into a clone of
effector cells that produce antibodies.
The antigen is eliminated
, ****Similarities and differences between primary and secondary
responses of the adaptive immune system (think Vaccination)
NEED TO EXPLAIN MORE ASK SOMEONE TO EXPLAIN THIS TO YOU****
Similarities: both of them are being attacked by the same invader
Differences: Reactions The primary first exposure and brand new
antigen is very slow, igG and the igM respond slowly and stops. The
secondary is a faster reaction because the memory cell recognizes
the antigen.
Cancer from right side of abdomen metastasizing above left shoulder.
Explain anatomically why this statement makes sense.
The thoracic duct drains the whole body, and the right duct only
drains the right upper extremities.
The drainage from the abdomen and upper left shoulder are
controlled by the same duct which is the thoracic duct, so it is easy
to for the cancer to spread.
Immediately after the last vaccination I ‘got the flu’. Is this a correct
assumption, and if not what is the vaccine doing to cause their ‘flu-like’
symptoms?
This not true because you may have the flu in your system but the
flu is not active.
Pre-exposure
Vaccine causes flu like symptoms but they are not pathogenic
They can still have mild symptoms because all the strains are not
covered or maybe not included in the vaccine.``
It is in the incubation period.
Anatomy and functions of the spleen
, Largest mass of Lymphatic tissue in the body and is found in the left
hypochondriac region between the fundus of the stomach and
diaphragm, acts as a reservoir for red blood cells in the red pulp.
Contains red and white pulp. The white pulp is lymphatic tissue. It’s
T lymphocytes directly attack and destroy antigens in blood,
primarily via cytolysis. It’s B cells develop into antibody producing
plasma cells, and the antibodies inactivate antigens in blood.
Macrophages destroy antigens in blood by phagocytosis (cellular
eating). The red pulp consists of venous sinuses filled with blood
and splenic cords consisting of RBCS, MACROPHAGES,
LYMPHOCYTES, PLASMA CELLS, AND GRANULOCYTES.
The red pulp is involved in the production of blood cells during the
second trimester of pregnancy. Macrophages in the spleen remove
worn-out or defective RBCS, WBCS, and platelets by phagocytosis.
The red blood cells die and the spleen keeps the white blood cells
and platelets. The blood platelets are stored in the red pulp.
Ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration. Functions and
Location.
Ventilation is the breathing process, taking air into our respiratory
system, and removal of air (breathing in and out).
Internal Respiration- in metabolizing tissues, where oxygen diffuses
out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells.
External Respiration- Lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood
and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air.
Neutral control of ventilation including brain centers, sensory and
motor signals. *Control of Respiration
Dorsal respiration and both of them located in the medullary, look at
slides
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. How does
loading/unloading of these gases take place in the lungs vs. tissues.
In each 100mL of oxygenated blood, 1.5% of the O2 is dissolved in
the plasma and 98.5% is carried with Hemoglobin inside the red
blood cells as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
Innate and adaptive systems, how they work and interact (Lymphatic
System)
Innate (non specific)-defenses that are present at birth, 1)first line
of defense are the physical and chemical barriers of the SKIN and
mucous membranes,
o Mechanical Defense-
Skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, mucus, cilia,
epiglottis, urine flow, defecating, vomiting
Chemical Defense-
Sebum, lysozyme, gastric juice
2) the second line of defense are the Internal defenses
;antimicrobial protiens, natural killer cells, phagocytes (Phagocyte
(white blood) engulfs microbe), inflammation, and fever. Innate
immunity responses represent immunity’s early warning system and
are designed to prevent microbes from entering the body and to
help eliminate those that do gain access.
They help each other because innate presents the T cell, once the
pathogen is being killed or being rendered
Adaptive (specific) immunity refers to defenses that involve specific
recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity
defenses. Based on a specific response to a specific microbe, that is,
it adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe. Involves
lymphocytes called T cells and B cells.
o Adaptive immunity has both specificity and memory and is
divided into 2 types
Cell-mediated
An antigen is recognized and bound
A small number of T cells proliferate and
differentiate into a clone of effector cells
The antigen is eliminated
Antibody-mediated
An antigen is recognized and bound
Helper T cells co-stimulate the B cell so the B cell
can proliferate and differentiate into a clone of
effector cells that produce antibodies.
The antigen is eliminated
, ****Similarities and differences between primary and secondary
responses of the adaptive immune system (think Vaccination)
NEED TO EXPLAIN MORE ASK SOMEONE TO EXPLAIN THIS TO YOU****
Similarities: both of them are being attacked by the same invader
Differences: Reactions The primary first exposure and brand new
antigen is very slow, igG and the igM respond slowly and stops. The
secondary is a faster reaction because the memory cell recognizes
the antigen.
Cancer from right side of abdomen metastasizing above left shoulder.
Explain anatomically why this statement makes sense.
The thoracic duct drains the whole body, and the right duct only
drains the right upper extremities.
The drainage from the abdomen and upper left shoulder are
controlled by the same duct which is the thoracic duct, so it is easy
to for the cancer to spread.
Immediately after the last vaccination I ‘got the flu’. Is this a correct
assumption, and if not what is the vaccine doing to cause their ‘flu-like’
symptoms?
This not true because you may have the flu in your system but the
flu is not active.
Pre-exposure
Vaccine causes flu like symptoms but they are not pathogenic
They can still have mild symptoms because all the strains are not
covered or maybe not included in the vaccine.``
It is in the incubation period.
Anatomy and functions of the spleen
, Largest mass of Lymphatic tissue in the body and is found in the left
hypochondriac region between the fundus of the stomach and
diaphragm, acts as a reservoir for red blood cells in the red pulp.
Contains red and white pulp. The white pulp is lymphatic tissue. It’s
T lymphocytes directly attack and destroy antigens in blood,
primarily via cytolysis. It’s B cells develop into antibody producing
plasma cells, and the antibodies inactivate antigens in blood.
Macrophages destroy antigens in blood by phagocytosis (cellular
eating). The red pulp consists of venous sinuses filled with blood
and splenic cords consisting of RBCS, MACROPHAGES,
LYMPHOCYTES, PLASMA CELLS, AND GRANULOCYTES.
The red pulp is involved in the production of blood cells during the
second trimester of pregnancy. Macrophages in the spleen remove
worn-out or defective RBCS, WBCS, and platelets by phagocytosis.
The red blood cells die and the spleen keeps the white blood cells
and platelets. The blood platelets are stored in the red pulp.
Ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration. Functions and
Location.
Ventilation is the breathing process, taking air into our respiratory
system, and removal of air (breathing in and out).
Internal Respiration- in metabolizing tissues, where oxygen diffuses
out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells.
External Respiration- Lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood
and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar air.
Neutral control of ventilation including brain centers, sensory and
motor signals. *Control of Respiration
Dorsal respiration and both of them located in the medullary, look at
slides
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. How does
loading/unloading of these gases take place in the lungs vs. tissues.
In each 100mL of oxygenated blood, 1.5% of the O2 is dissolved in
the plasma and 98.5% is carried with Hemoglobin inside the red
blood cells as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
