Arbeidspsychologie 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 6
H1. Werkloosheid: beleving en gevolgen ............................................................................................................ 6
1. Waarom aandacht aan werkloosheid?.................................................................................................... 6
2. Beleving werkloosheid ............................................................................................................................ 7
3. Op zoek naar een verklaring.................................................................................................................... 8
4. Verschillen naar achtergrondkenmerken ................................................................................................ 8
4.1 Belastender voor mannen ............................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Belastender voor middenleeftijd .................................................................................................... 8
4.3 Belastender voor arbeiders ............................................................................................................. 9
5. Gevolgen voor het gezin.......................................................................................................................... 9
6. Conclusie ............................................................................................................................................... 10
H2. Gevolgen van langdurige werkloosheid ...................................................................................................... 10
1. Gevolgen langdurige werkloosheid ....................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Twee fasen .................................................................................................................................... 10
Hoe verklaren? Aanpassingsproces ....................................................................................................... 11
1.2 Verwijdering uit zich op 4 wijzen .................................................................................................. 11
Besluit: aanpassing leidt tot inkrimping leefwereld .............................................................................. 12
2. Gevolgen aanpassing voor herintrede .................................................................................................. 12
3. Ook hier twee zijden ............................................................................................................................. 12
4. Gevolgen geslaagde herintrede ............................................................................................................ 13
5. Besluit: gevaar vicieuze cirkel................................................................................................................ 13
H3. Heterogeniteit in de werkloosheidsbeleving ............................................................................................... 13
1. Inleiding: waarom? ................................................................................................................................ 13
2. Objectieve kenmerken: ‘vraagzijde’ – werkgeversbril (‘queuetheorie’) ............................................... 13
3. Subjectieve kenmerken: ‘aanbodszijde’ – bril werkloze ....................................................................... 14
3.1 ‘Sociologische’ typologie: Engbersen ........................................................................................... 14
3.2 ‘Psychologische’ typologie: Warr .................................................................................................. 14
4. Opstart: langdurig werklozen ................................................................................................................ 14
5. Checken bij kortdurig werklozen ........................................................................................................... 15
5.1 Resultaten ..................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2 Vergelijking met Zuid-Afrika .......................................................................................................... 17
6. Excursie: teruggetrokkenen .................................................................................................................. 17
6.1 Ontstaan en evolutie ..................................................................................................................... 17
6.2 Vinden ze terug werk?................................................................................................................... 17
6.3 Besluit teruggetrokkenen .............................................................................................................. 18
7. Besluit en beleidsconclusies .................................................................................................................. 18
H4. Onzeker over de toekomst van je baan: jobonzekerheid ............................................................................ 19
1. Wat is baanonzekerheid? ...................................................................................................................... 19
1.1 Enkele definities uit de literatuur .................................................................................................. 19
2. Waarom dit bestuderen? ...................................................................................................................... 19
3. Prevalentie: Voelen werkenden zich onzeker? ..................................................................................... 20
4. Antecedenten ........................................................................................................................................ 21
4.1 Subjectief: persoonlijkheidstrekken .............................................................................................. 21
4.2 Weerspiegelt tevens ‘objectieve’ realiteit .................................................................................... 21
5. Gevolgen voor het individu ................................................................................................................... 22
1
, 5.1 Verschillende soorten stressreacties ............................................................................................ 23
Psychische stressreacties ...................................................................................................................... 23
Lichamelijke stressreactie ..................................................................................................................... 23
Gedragsmatige stressreacties ............................................................................................................... 23
5.2 Hoe problematisch is baanonzekerheid nu echt? ......................................................................... 23
Ontevreden en ongelukkig? .................................................................................................................. 24
Een van de meest belastende stressoren? ............................................................................................ 24
Even belastend als werkloosheid? ........................................................................................................ 24
Consequenties voor leven buiten werk? ............................................................................................... 24
5.3 En wat met kwalitatieve baanonzekerheid? ................................................................................. 25
5.4 Of ‘onzekerheidsklimaat’? ............................................................................................................. 26
5.5 Causaliteit: wat veroorzaakt wat? ................................................................................................. 26
Recent overzicht longitudinale studies ................................................................................................. 26
5.5 Hoe de negatieve gevolgen verklaren? ......................................................................................... 27
Hoe dan wel? ......................................................................................................................................... 27
6. Ruimere gevolgen ................................................................................................................................. 28
6.1 Voor de organisatie ....................................................................................................................... 28
Attitudes ................................................................................................................................................ 28
Gedrag ................................................................................................................................................... 28
Redenen: ........................................................................................................................................... 29
Gevolgen: gevaar neerwaartse spiraal .............................................................................................. 29
6.2 Voor de vakbeweging .................................................................................................................... 29
Inzoomen op: Baanonzekerheid en vakbondslidmaatschap ................................................................. 30
6.3 Voor de samenleving ..................................................................................................................... 31
7. Hoe (de gevolgen van) baanonzekerheid bestrijden? ........................................................................... 31
7.1 Interventies: reduceer en/of buffer onzekerheid ......................................................................... 32
7.2 Enkele aanvullingen....................................................................................................................... 33
Een heel waslijst moderatoren.............................................................................................................. 34
Kan de overheid iets doen? ................................................................................................................... 34
8. Wat nog? ............................................................................................................................................... 34
Tinne Vander Elst: Verklaringen voor de negatieve gevolgen van jobonzekerheid ........................................... 35
1. Gevolgen van jobonzekerheid en verklaringen ..................................................................................... 35
1.1 Definitie jobonzekerheid ............................................................................................................... 35
1.2 Jobonzekerheid heeft nadelige gevolgen voor: ............................................................................ 35
1.3 Vier theoretische verklaringen voor deze nadelige gevolgen ....................................................... 35
2. Controle en breuk PC gekaderd in Appraisal Theory ............................................................................ 35
2.1 Definities ....................................................................................................................................... 35
2.2 Appraisal theory / Cognitive theory of stress and coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) ................. 36
Primary appraisals ................................................................................................................................. 36
Secondary appraisals ............................................................................................................................. 37
Stressklachten (‘strain’) ......................................................................................................................... 37
Copingreacties ....................................................................................................................................... 37
2.3 Appraisal theory toegepast op jobonzekerheid ............................................................................ 38
2.4 Empirische evidentie ..................................................................................................................... 39
Studie 1: Vander Elst, De Cuyper, & De Witte (2011) ........................................................................... 39
Aan de hand van Baron & Kenny: regressieanalyse .......................................................................... 40
Studie 2: Vander Elst et al. (2016) ......................................................................................................... 41
2
, 3. Bedreiging van de voordelen van werk ................................................................................................. 42
3.1 Definities ....................................................................................................................................... 42
3.2 Latente deprivatie theorie van Jahoda (1982) .............................................................................. 43
3.3 Latente deprivatie theorie toegepast op jobonzekerheid ............................................................ 43
3.4 Empirische evidentie ..................................................................................................................... 43
Studie van Vander Elst et al. (2016) ...................................................................................................... 43
4. Frustratie van de psychologische basisbehoeften ................................................................................ 44
4.1 Definities & Zelf-determinatie theorie (ZDT) ................................................................................ 44
4.2 ZDT toegepast op jobonzekerheid ................................................................................................ 44
4.3 Empirische evidentie ..................................................................................................................... 45
Vander Elst, Van den Broeck, De Cuyper, & De Witte (2002) ............................................................... 45
5. Besluit .................................................................................................................................................... 45
H5. Bore-out – een nieuw probleem in organisaties? ....................................................................................... 46
1. Luisteren naar… ..................................................................................................................................... 46
1.1 De media ....................................................................................................................................... 46
1.2 Ervaringen ..................................................................................................................................... 46
2. Definitie en afbakening ......................................................................................................................... 46
2.1 Niet-wetenschappelijke benaming: ‘bore-out’ (nieuwe hype?) .................................................... 46
2.2 Wetenschappelijke definitie: Job Boredom ................................................................................... 47
2.3 Onderscheid tussen: ...................................................................................................................... 47
2.4 Overlap en verschil met burnout: ................................................................................................. 48
3. Meting en prevalentie ........................................................................................................................... 48
3.1 Meting: DUBS – Dutch Boredom Scale (Reijseger et al., 2013) ..................................................... 48
3.2 Prevalentie: beperkt (6% ‘beperkt risico’) tot…. zéér beperkt (1% écht risico) ............................ 48
3.3 Welke demografische categorieën meer/minder kans op ‘job boredom’? .................................. 48
4. Wat ‘veroorzaakt’ verveling op het werk? ............................................................................................ 49
4.1 Speelt persoonlijkheid een rol? ..................................................................................................... 49
4.2 Werkkenmerken: it’s the job, stupid… .......................................................................................... 49
4.3 Impact van lockdown op werkbeleving ......................................................................................... 50
5. Gevolgen ............................................................................................................................................... 52
5.1 Gevolgen voor welzijn en gezondheid – de usual suspects…. ....................................................... 52
5.2 Gevolgen voor gedrag – idem…. .................................................................................................... 52
6. Hoe oplossen? ....................................................................................................................................... 53
6.1 Job (re-)design: (door organisatie) ................................................................................................ 53
6.2 Job Crafting: (door individu) .......................................................................................................... 53
Lara Roll: Occupation insecurity – What it is, how to measure it and why is it important? .............................. 54
1. Background: Technological developments and implications for the workplace ................................... 54
1.1 Occupation Insecurity: What is it and how can it be measured? .................................................. 54
Job vs. Occupation................................................................................................................................. 54
Occupation Insecurity ........................................................................................................................... 55
Distinction: Other forms of insecurity in the workplace ....................................................................... 55
Two different types of OCIS .................................................................................................................. 56
Third dimension (Belgium only) ............................................................................................................ 56
Has this not been done before? ............................................................................................................ 56
1.2 Research results: How do people perceive the impact of automation? ....................................... 58
Why do we see these results? ............................................................................................................... 59
1.3 Outlook: Future Skills .................................................................................................................... 59
3
, NASA Creativity Test Results ................................................................................................................. 59
1.4 Take-home message: Occupation Insecurity ................................................................................ 59
H6. Houding tov Arbeid - arbeid in het nieuwe millennium: van verplichting tot ontplooiing? ........................ 60
1. Introductie............................................................................................................................................. 60
2. Het koppel centraliteit en arbeidsethos................................................................................................ 60
2.1 Centraliteit van arbeid................................................................................................................... 60
2.2 Arbeidsethos ................................................................................................................................. 61
3. Arbeidsoriëntaties ................................................................................................................................. 62
4. Besluit .................................................................................................................................................... 64
H7. Wég met werken? Over het belang van werk in ‘post-werk’ tijden ............................................................ 64
1. De ‘post-werk’ stroming ........................................................................................................................ 64
1.1 Pleidooi afschaffing ‘werk’ ............................................................................................................ 64
2. Wat is ‘werk’? ........................................................................................................................................ 65
3. Nut van werken? ................................................................................................................................... 65
4. Hoe denken we over arbeid? ................................................................................................................ 65
5. Over de ‘kwaliteit van de arbeid’ .......................................................................................................... 65
5.1 Welke zijde overweegt? ................................................................................................................ 66
6. Besluit: wég met werken? ..................................................................................................................... 66
H8. Jobonzekerheid en positieve outcomes ....................................................................................................... 66
1. Job insecurity......................................................................................................................................... 66
1.1 Job preservation framework ......................................................................................................... 66
1.2 Challenge / hindrance? ................................................................................................................. 66
2. Innovative work behaviour ................................................................................................................... 67
2.1 Positive or negative relationship? ................................................................................................. 67
Innovative work behaviour (IWB) ......................................................................................................... 67
2.2 Social-exchange theory ................................................................................................................. 67
Threat Rigidity Theory (TRT) (Staw et al., 1981) .................................................................................... 68
Method .................................................................................................................................................. 69
Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 70
3. Work-related learning behaviour .......................................................................................................... 70
3.1 Loss spiral ...................................................................................................................................... 71
3.2 Conservation of Resources Theory (COR) (Hobfoll, 1989) ............................................................ 71
Newly acquired KSAOs .......................................................................................................................... 71
Job insecurity and newly acquired KSAOs ............................................................................................. 71
Occupational self-efficacy ..................................................................................................................... 71
Job insecurity and occupational self-efficacy ........................................................................................ 72
Occupational self-efficacy and KSAOs ................................................................................................... 72
Method .................................................................................................................................................. 72
Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 73
Anahi Van Hootegem: Het nieuwe werken, een focus op open kantoren ......................................................... 73
1. Het Nieuwe Werken (HNW) of New World of Work (NWOW) ............................................................. 73
Baane, Houtkamp, & Knotter, 2010 definitie ........................................................................................ 73
Peters, De Bruijn, Bakker, & Van der Heijden, 2011 definitie ............................................................... 74
Blok, Groenesteijn, Schelvis, & Vink, 2012 definitie.............................................................................. 74
Delagrange, 2014 definitie .................................................................................................................... 74
1.1 Het Nieuwe Werken – inventarisatie ............................................................................................ 74
4
H1. Werkloosheid: beleving en gevolgen ............................................................................................................ 6
1. Waarom aandacht aan werkloosheid?.................................................................................................... 6
2. Beleving werkloosheid ............................................................................................................................ 7
3. Op zoek naar een verklaring.................................................................................................................... 8
4. Verschillen naar achtergrondkenmerken ................................................................................................ 8
4.1 Belastender voor mannen ............................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Belastender voor middenleeftijd .................................................................................................... 8
4.3 Belastender voor arbeiders ............................................................................................................. 9
5. Gevolgen voor het gezin.......................................................................................................................... 9
6. Conclusie ............................................................................................................................................... 10
H2. Gevolgen van langdurige werkloosheid ...................................................................................................... 10
1. Gevolgen langdurige werkloosheid ....................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Twee fasen .................................................................................................................................... 10
Hoe verklaren? Aanpassingsproces ....................................................................................................... 11
1.2 Verwijdering uit zich op 4 wijzen .................................................................................................. 11
Besluit: aanpassing leidt tot inkrimping leefwereld .............................................................................. 12
2. Gevolgen aanpassing voor herintrede .................................................................................................. 12
3. Ook hier twee zijden ............................................................................................................................. 12
4. Gevolgen geslaagde herintrede ............................................................................................................ 13
5. Besluit: gevaar vicieuze cirkel................................................................................................................ 13
H3. Heterogeniteit in de werkloosheidsbeleving ............................................................................................... 13
1. Inleiding: waarom? ................................................................................................................................ 13
2. Objectieve kenmerken: ‘vraagzijde’ – werkgeversbril (‘queuetheorie’) ............................................... 13
3. Subjectieve kenmerken: ‘aanbodszijde’ – bril werkloze ....................................................................... 14
3.1 ‘Sociologische’ typologie: Engbersen ........................................................................................... 14
3.2 ‘Psychologische’ typologie: Warr .................................................................................................. 14
4. Opstart: langdurig werklozen ................................................................................................................ 14
5. Checken bij kortdurig werklozen ........................................................................................................... 15
5.1 Resultaten ..................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2 Vergelijking met Zuid-Afrika .......................................................................................................... 17
6. Excursie: teruggetrokkenen .................................................................................................................. 17
6.1 Ontstaan en evolutie ..................................................................................................................... 17
6.2 Vinden ze terug werk?................................................................................................................... 17
6.3 Besluit teruggetrokkenen .............................................................................................................. 18
7. Besluit en beleidsconclusies .................................................................................................................. 18
H4. Onzeker over de toekomst van je baan: jobonzekerheid ............................................................................ 19
1. Wat is baanonzekerheid? ...................................................................................................................... 19
1.1 Enkele definities uit de literatuur .................................................................................................. 19
2. Waarom dit bestuderen? ...................................................................................................................... 19
3. Prevalentie: Voelen werkenden zich onzeker? ..................................................................................... 20
4. Antecedenten ........................................................................................................................................ 21
4.1 Subjectief: persoonlijkheidstrekken .............................................................................................. 21
4.2 Weerspiegelt tevens ‘objectieve’ realiteit .................................................................................... 21
5. Gevolgen voor het individu ................................................................................................................... 22
1
, 5.1 Verschillende soorten stressreacties ............................................................................................ 23
Psychische stressreacties ...................................................................................................................... 23
Lichamelijke stressreactie ..................................................................................................................... 23
Gedragsmatige stressreacties ............................................................................................................... 23
5.2 Hoe problematisch is baanonzekerheid nu echt? ......................................................................... 23
Ontevreden en ongelukkig? .................................................................................................................. 24
Een van de meest belastende stressoren? ............................................................................................ 24
Even belastend als werkloosheid? ........................................................................................................ 24
Consequenties voor leven buiten werk? ............................................................................................... 24
5.3 En wat met kwalitatieve baanonzekerheid? ................................................................................. 25
5.4 Of ‘onzekerheidsklimaat’? ............................................................................................................. 26
5.5 Causaliteit: wat veroorzaakt wat? ................................................................................................. 26
Recent overzicht longitudinale studies ................................................................................................. 26
5.5 Hoe de negatieve gevolgen verklaren? ......................................................................................... 27
Hoe dan wel? ......................................................................................................................................... 27
6. Ruimere gevolgen ................................................................................................................................. 28
6.1 Voor de organisatie ....................................................................................................................... 28
Attitudes ................................................................................................................................................ 28
Gedrag ................................................................................................................................................... 28
Redenen: ........................................................................................................................................... 29
Gevolgen: gevaar neerwaartse spiraal .............................................................................................. 29
6.2 Voor de vakbeweging .................................................................................................................... 29
Inzoomen op: Baanonzekerheid en vakbondslidmaatschap ................................................................. 30
6.3 Voor de samenleving ..................................................................................................................... 31
7. Hoe (de gevolgen van) baanonzekerheid bestrijden? ........................................................................... 31
7.1 Interventies: reduceer en/of buffer onzekerheid ......................................................................... 32
7.2 Enkele aanvullingen....................................................................................................................... 33
Een heel waslijst moderatoren.............................................................................................................. 34
Kan de overheid iets doen? ................................................................................................................... 34
8. Wat nog? ............................................................................................................................................... 34
Tinne Vander Elst: Verklaringen voor de negatieve gevolgen van jobonzekerheid ........................................... 35
1. Gevolgen van jobonzekerheid en verklaringen ..................................................................................... 35
1.1 Definitie jobonzekerheid ............................................................................................................... 35
1.2 Jobonzekerheid heeft nadelige gevolgen voor: ............................................................................ 35
1.3 Vier theoretische verklaringen voor deze nadelige gevolgen ....................................................... 35
2. Controle en breuk PC gekaderd in Appraisal Theory ............................................................................ 35
2.1 Definities ....................................................................................................................................... 35
2.2 Appraisal theory / Cognitive theory of stress and coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) ................. 36
Primary appraisals ................................................................................................................................. 36
Secondary appraisals ............................................................................................................................. 37
Stressklachten (‘strain’) ......................................................................................................................... 37
Copingreacties ....................................................................................................................................... 37
2.3 Appraisal theory toegepast op jobonzekerheid ............................................................................ 38
2.4 Empirische evidentie ..................................................................................................................... 39
Studie 1: Vander Elst, De Cuyper, & De Witte (2011) ........................................................................... 39
Aan de hand van Baron & Kenny: regressieanalyse .......................................................................... 40
Studie 2: Vander Elst et al. (2016) ......................................................................................................... 41
2
, 3. Bedreiging van de voordelen van werk ................................................................................................. 42
3.1 Definities ....................................................................................................................................... 42
3.2 Latente deprivatie theorie van Jahoda (1982) .............................................................................. 43
3.3 Latente deprivatie theorie toegepast op jobonzekerheid ............................................................ 43
3.4 Empirische evidentie ..................................................................................................................... 43
Studie van Vander Elst et al. (2016) ...................................................................................................... 43
4. Frustratie van de psychologische basisbehoeften ................................................................................ 44
4.1 Definities & Zelf-determinatie theorie (ZDT) ................................................................................ 44
4.2 ZDT toegepast op jobonzekerheid ................................................................................................ 44
4.3 Empirische evidentie ..................................................................................................................... 45
Vander Elst, Van den Broeck, De Cuyper, & De Witte (2002) ............................................................... 45
5. Besluit .................................................................................................................................................... 45
H5. Bore-out – een nieuw probleem in organisaties? ....................................................................................... 46
1. Luisteren naar… ..................................................................................................................................... 46
1.1 De media ....................................................................................................................................... 46
1.2 Ervaringen ..................................................................................................................................... 46
2. Definitie en afbakening ......................................................................................................................... 46
2.1 Niet-wetenschappelijke benaming: ‘bore-out’ (nieuwe hype?) .................................................... 46
2.2 Wetenschappelijke definitie: Job Boredom ................................................................................... 47
2.3 Onderscheid tussen: ...................................................................................................................... 47
2.4 Overlap en verschil met burnout: ................................................................................................. 48
3. Meting en prevalentie ........................................................................................................................... 48
3.1 Meting: DUBS – Dutch Boredom Scale (Reijseger et al., 2013) ..................................................... 48
3.2 Prevalentie: beperkt (6% ‘beperkt risico’) tot…. zéér beperkt (1% écht risico) ............................ 48
3.3 Welke demografische categorieën meer/minder kans op ‘job boredom’? .................................. 48
4. Wat ‘veroorzaakt’ verveling op het werk? ............................................................................................ 49
4.1 Speelt persoonlijkheid een rol? ..................................................................................................... 49
4.2 Werkkenmerken: it’s the job, stupid… .......................................................................................... 49
4.3 Impact van lockdown op werkbeleving ......................................................................................... 50
5. Gevolgen ............................................................................................................................................... 52
5.1 Gevolgen voor welzijn en gezondheid – de usual suspects…. ....................................................... 52
5.2 Gevolgen voor gedrag – idem…. .................................................................................................... 52
6. Hoe oplossen? ....................................................................................................................................... 53
6.1 Job (re-)design: (door organisatie) ................................................................................................ 53
6.2 Job Crafting: (door individu) .......................................................................................................... 53
Lara Roll: Occupation insecurity – What it is, how to measure it and why is it important? .............................. 54
1. Background: Technological developments and implications for the workplace ................................... 54
1.1 Occupation Insecurity: What is it and how can it be measured? .................................................. 54
Job vs. Occupation................................................................................................................................. 54
Occupation Insecurity ........................................................................................................................... 55
Distinction: Other forms of insecurity in the workplace ....................................................................... 55
Two different types of OCIS .................................................................................................................. 56
Third dimension (Belgium only) ............................................................................................................ 56
Has this not been done before? ............................................................................................................ 56
1.2 Research results: How do people perceive the impact of automation? ....................................... 58
Why do we see these results? ............................................................................................................... 59
1.3 Outlook: Future Skills .................................................................................................................... 59
3
, NASA Creativity Test Results ................................................................................................................. 59
1.4 Take-home message: Occupation Insecurity ................................................................................ 59
H6. Houding tov Arbeid - arbeid in het nieuwe millennium: van verplichting tot ontplooiing? ........................ 60
1. Introductie............................................................................................................................................. 60
2. Het koppel centraliteit en arbeidsethos................................................................................................ 60
2.1 Centraliteit van arbeid................................................................................................................... 60
2.2 Arbeidsethos ................................................................................................................................. 61
3. Arbeidsoriëntaties ................................................................................................................................. 62
4. Besluit .................................................................................................................................................... 64
H7. Wég met werken? Over het belang van werk in ‘post-werk’ tijden ............................................................ 64
1. De ‘post-werk’ stroming ........................................................................................................................ 64
1.1 Pleidooi afschaffing ‘werk’ ............................................................................................................ 64
2. Wat is ‘werk’? ........................................................................................................................................ 65
3. Nut van werken? ................................................................................................................................... 65
4. Hoe denken we over arbeid? ................................................................................................................ 65
5. Over de ‘kwaliteit van de arbeid’ .......................................................................................................... 65
5.1 Welke zijde overweegt? ................................................................................................................ 66
6. Besluit: wég met werken? ..................................................................................................................... 66
H8. Jobonzekerheid en positieve outcomes ....................................................................................................... 66
1. Job insecurity......................................................................................................................................... 66
1.1 Job preservation framework ......................................................................................................... 66
1.2 Challenge / hindrance? ................................................................................................................. 66
2. Innovative work behaviour ................................................................................................................... 67
2.1 Positive or negative relationship? ................................................................................................. 67
Innovative work behaviour (IWB) ......................................................................................................... 67
2.2 Social-exchange theory ................................................................................................................. 67
Threat Rigidity Theory (TRT) (Staw et al., 1981) .................................................................................... 68
Method .................................................................................................................................................. 69
Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 70
3. Work-related learning behaviour .......................................................................................................... 70
3.1 Loss spiral ...................................................................................................................................... 71
3.2 Conservation of Resources Theory (COR) (Hobfoll, 1989) ............................................................ 71
Newly acquired KSAOs .......................................................................................................................... 71
Job insecurity and newly acquired KSAOs ............................................................................................. 71
Occupational self-efficacy ..................................................................................................................... 71
Job insecurity and occupational self-efficacy ........................................................................................ 72
Occupational self-efficacy and KSAOs ................................................................................................... 72
Method .................................................................................................................................................. 72
Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 73
Anahi Van Hootegem: Het nieuwe werken, een focus op open kantoren ......................................................... 73
1. Het Nieuwe Werken (HNW) of New World of Work (NWOW) ............................................................. 73
Baane, Houtkamp, & Knotter, 2010 definitie ........................................................................................ 73
Peters, De Bruijn, Bakker, & Van der Heijden, 2011 definitie ............................................................... 74
Blok, Groenesteijn, Schelvis, & Vink, 2012 definitie.............................................................................. 74
Delagrange, 2014 definitie .................................................................................................................... 74
1.1 Het Nieuwe Werken – inventarisatie ............................................................................................ 74
4
