CHAPTER 1
THE ROLE AND OBJECTIVE
OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS:
1. Shareholder wealth is defined as the present value of the expected future returns to the owners
(that is, shareholders) of the firm. These returns can take the form of periodic dividend payments
and/or proceeds from the sale of the stock. Shareholder wealth is measured by the market value
(that is, the price that the stock trades in the marketplace) of the firm's common stock.
2. Profit maximization typically is defined as a more static concept than shareholder wealth
maximization. The profit maximization objective from economic theory does not normally
consider the time dimension or the risk dimension in the measurement of profits. In contrast, the
shareholder wealth maximization objective provides a convenient framework for evaluating both
the timing and the risks associated with various investment and financing strategies.
The marginal decision rules derived from economic theory are extremely useful to a wealth
maximizing firm. Any decision, either in the short run or the long run, that results in marginal
revenues exceeding the marginal costs of the decision will be consistent with wealth
maximization. When a decision has consequences extending beyond a year in time, the marginal
benefits and marginal costs of that decision must be evaluated in a present value framework.
3. A closely-held firm is more likely to be a wealth maximizer than a corporation with wide
ownership. In the closely-held firm, the owners and the managers will share the same objectives
because the owners are the managers. In a widely-held corporation, where the ownership and
management functions are separate, it is likely that managers may pursue objectives that are
more self-serving than owner-serving. Examples of alternative objectives that might be pursued
in this situation are extreme risk-averse behavior, size maximization, satisficing, or personal
utility function maximization. A more complete discussion of alternative objectives may be found
in McGuigan, Moyer, and Harris, Managerial Economics, 13th edition (South-Western (Cengage),
2014), Chapter l.
4. The goal of shareholder wealth maximization is a long-term goal. Shareholder wealth is a
function of all the future returns to the shareholders. Hence, in making decisions that maximize
,shareholder wealth, management must consider the long-run impact on the firm and not just
focus on short-run (i.e., current period) effects. For example, a firm could increase short-run
earnings and dividends by eliminating all research and development expenditures. However, this
decision would reduce long-run earnings and dividends, and hence shareholder wealth, because
the firm would be unable to develop new products to produce and sell.
5. Engaging in social responsibility activities can be justified on the basis that these activities help
to create an environment in which the goal of shareholder wealth maximization more easily can
be pursued.
6. The separation of ownership and control in corporations may result in management pursuing
goals other than shareholder wealth maximization, such as maximization of their own personal
welfare (utility). Concern for their own self-interests may lead management to make decisions
that promote their long-run survival (job security), such as minimizing (or limiting) the amount of
risk incurred by the firm.
7. An agency relationship occurs when one or more individuals (the principals) hire other
individuals (the agents) to perform a service on behalf of the principals. Two of the most
important agency relationships in finance are between the stockholders (principals) and
management (agents), and between the owners (agents) and creditors (principals). Agency costs
are incurred when attempting to control agency problems. Agency problems arise when the agent
makes decisions consistent with the maximization of his or her own utility rather than the
maximization of the utility of the principals.
8. Examples of agency costs incurred by shareholders include
• Expenditures to structure the organization in a way that will minimize the incentives for
management to take actions contrary to shareholder interests, such as providing a portion
of compensation in the form of the stock in the company .
• Expenditures to monitor management's performance, such as internal and external audits.
• Bonding expenditures to protect against managerial dishonesty.
• Lost profits (opportunity costs) of complex organizational structures.
,9. Creditors (the principal) have a fixed financial claim on the resources of the firm, whereas
owners (agents) have a residual claim on the firm's resources. As a consequence, owners may
attempt to increase the riskiness of the firm's investments in hopes of earning higher returns.
Creditors suffer from this type of behavior because they do not have an opportunity to share in
these higher potential returns, yet they suffer from the increased risk.
10. The controller usually has responsibility for all accounting related functions, such as financial
accounting, cost accounting, and accounting information systems. The treasurer normally has
responsibility for the acquisition, custody, and expenditure of funds, including cash and
marketable securities management, capital budgeting analysis, financial, and pension fund
management, and financial planning. Because not all companies divide the responsibilities in this
manner, the actual functions performed by the controller and treasurer will vary from company
to company.
11. a. Financial management employs the marginal revenue -- marginal cost relationships of
microeconomics in making long-term investment (capital budgeting) decisions and short-term
investment (working capital) decisions.
b. Financial management requires an understanding of macroeconomic concepts dealing with
monetary and fiscal policy. Knowledge of these concepts is necessary in making company sales
forecasts and in raising funds in the money and capital markets.
12. Earnings per share figures can be misleading because factors such as (1) reductions in the
number of shares; (2) a decline in the return being earned on the company's equity; and (3) an
increase in the risk of the firm, all could lead to increased earnings per share, but not necessarily
to an increase in the value of the firm's shares in the marketplace.
13. The bondholders in the RJR Nabisco takeover case wanted to block the transaction because
the takeover was to be financed with a substantial increase in the amount of debt, and therefore
an increase in the risk of default. The case of the bondholders was rejected in the courts because,
it was argued, these knowledgeable investors knew they were exposed to this type of event risk
when they purchased the bonds, and presumably were compensated for the expected risk in the
form of the risk premium earned on the bonds.
14. The three major factors that determine the market value of a firm's stock are: (1) the amount
of the cash flows expected to be generated for the benefit of stockholders; (2) the timing of these
cash flows; and (3) the risk of the cash flows.
15. The market’s reaction may have reflected (1) an expectation that there would ultimately be a
, splitting up and spin-off of the natural resources business from the steel business, thereby
assuring that cash flows generated by Marathon Oil would not be wasted on reinvestment in the
low return steel business; or (2) the potential that this separation would make it more difficult for
the steel segment of USX to tap the cash flows of Marathon Oil.
16. By declaring bankruptcy, Kodak hoped to protect itself from the claims of creditors while it
sought a way to either sell or restructure its assets. Presumably, the management at Kodak
thought that the bankruptcy declaration would provide it with an opportunity to restructure itself,
while it was protected from the pressures of making burdensome interest and other payments to
creditors.
17. Firms that expect their employees to act according to a high standard of ethical behavior can
expect to experience lower litigation costs. Customers, suppliers, and investors can be expected to
value a firm committed to maintaining high ethical standards in the conduct of its business, and
thereby build long-term loyalties and business relationships.
18. Sole proprietorships are characterized by the virtual non-existence of agency problems
between owners and managers, because the owner and manager are usually one and the same. Of
course, there still is the potential agency conflict between creditors and owners. However, even in
this case the risk to creditors is reduced because the owner has unlimited personal liability for the
debts of the firm. The major shortcoming of the proprietorship form of organization is the limited
ability of the owner to raise capital, because the owner is the sole source of equity and the owner
is personally liable for all of the firm's debts.
Partnerships provide a greater potential for raising capital because there is more than one owner-
manager. The capital raising potential of partnerships is limited to the number of partners of the
firm. Owner-manager agency problems assume increased importance in a partnership because
each partner only bears a fractional portion of the cost of his/her actions. Hence, if a partner
consumes excessive perquisites, the partner will only pay a fractional share of the cost of this
wasteful behavior. The larger the partnership, the greater is this potential problem.
Corporations have the greatest potential for owner-manager agency problems because of the
separation of ownership from control. Offsetting this corporate disadvantage is the nearly
unlimited ability of corporations to raise capital, both debt and equity. The capital raising ability
of corporations can be attributed largely to the limited liability feature of common stock
ownership.
This limited liability feature gives rise to increased agency cost problems between owners and
creditors.
THE ROLE AND OBJECTIVE
OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS:
1. Shareholder wealth is defined as the present value of the expected future returns to the owners
(that is, shareholders) of the firm. These returns can take the form of periodic dividend payments
and/or proceeds from the sale of the stock. Shareholder wealth is measured by the market value
(that is, the price that the stock trades in the marketplace) of the firm's common stock.
2. Profit maximization typically is defined as a more static concept than shareholder wealth
maximization. The profit maximization objective from economic theory does not normally
consider the time dimension or the risk dimension in the measurement of profits. In contrast, the
shareholder wealth maximization objective provides a convenient framework for evaluating both
the timing and the risks associated with various investment and financing strategies.
The marginal decision rules derived from economic theory are extremely useful to a wealth
maximizing firm. Any decision, either in the short run or the long run, that results in marginal
revenues exceeding the marginal costs of the decision will be consistent with wealth
maximization. When a decision has consequences extending beyond a year in time, the marginal
benefits and marginal costs of that decision must be evaluated in a present value framework.
3. A closely-held firm is more likely to be a wealth maximizer than a corporation with wide
ownership. In the closely-held firm, the owners and the managers will share the same objectives
because the owners are the managers. In a widely-held corporation, where the ownership and
management functions are separate, it is likely that managers may pursue objectives that are
more self-serving than owner-serving. Examples of alternative objectives that might be pursued
in this situation are extreme risk-averse behavior, size maximization, satisficing, or personal
utility function maximization. A more complete discussion of alternative objectives may be found
in McGuigan, Moyer, and Harris, Managerial Economics, 13th edition (South-Western (Cengage),
2014), Chapter l.
4. The goal of shareholder wealth maximization is a long-term goal. Shareholder wealth is a
function of all the future returns to the shareholders. Hence, in making decisions that maximize
,shareholder wealth, management must consider the long-run impact on the firm and not just
focus on short-run (i.e., current period) effects. For example, a firm could increase short-run
earnings and dividends by eliminating all research and development expenditures. However, this
decision would reduce long-run earnings and dividends, and hence shareholder wealth, because
the firm would be unable to develop new products to produce and sell.
5. Engaging in social responsibility activities can be justified on the basis that these activities help
to create an environment in which the goal of shareholder wealth maximization more easily can
be pursued.
6. The separation of ownership and control in corporations may result in management pursuing
goals other than shareholder wealth maximization, such as maximization of their own personal
welfare (utility). Concern for their own self-interests may lead management to make decisions
that promote their long-run survival (job security), such as minimizing (or limiting) the amount of
risk incurred by the firm.
7. An agency relationship occurs when one or more individuals (the principals) hire other
individuals (the agents) to perform a service on behalf of the principals. Two of the most
important agency relationships in finance are between the stockholders (principals) and
management (agents), and between the owners (agents) and creditors (principals). Agency costs
are incurred when attempting to control agency problems. Agency problems arise when the agent
makes decisions consistent with the maximization of his or her own utility rather than the
maximization of the utility of the principals.
8. Examples of agency costs incurred by shareholders include
• Expenditures to structure the organization in a way that will minimize the incentives for
management to take actions contrary to shareholder interests, such as providing a portion
of compensation in the form of the stock in the company .
• Expenditures to monitor management's performance, such as internal and external audits.
• Bonding expenditures to protect against managerial dishonesty.
• Lost profits (opportunity costs) of complex organizational structures.
,9. Creditors (the principal) have a fixed financial claim on the resources of the firm, whereas
owners (agents) have a residual claim on the firm's resources. As a consequence, owners may
attempt to increase the riskiness of the firm's investments in hopes of earning higher returns.
Creditors suffer from this type of behavior because they do not have an opportunity to share in
these higher potential returns, yet they suffer from the increased risk.
10. The controller usually has responsibility for all accounting related functions, such as financial
accounting, cost accounting, and accounting information systems. The treasurer normally has
responsibility for the acquisition, custody, and expenditure of funds, including cash and
marketable securities management, capital budgeting analysis, financial, and pension fund
management, and financial planning. Because not all companies divide the responsibilities in this
manner, the actual functions performed by the controller and treasurer will vary from company
to company.
11. a. Financial management employs the marginal revenue -- marginal cost relationships of
microeconomics in making long-term investment (capital budgeting) decisions and short-term
investment (working capital) decisions.
b. Financial management requires an understanding of macroeconomic concepts dealing with
monetary and fiscal policy. Knowledge of these concepts is necessary in making company sales
forecasts and in raising funds in the money and capital markets.
12. Earnings per share figures can be misleading because factors such as (1) reductions in the
number of shares; (2) a decline in the return being earned on the company's equity; and (3) an
increase in the risk of the firm, all could lead to increased earnings per share, but not necessarily
to an increase in the value of the firm's shares in the marketplace.
13. The bondholders in the RJR Nabisco takeover case wanted to block the transaction because
the takeover was to be financed with a substantial increase in the amount of debt, and therefore
an increase in the risk of default. The case of the bondholders was rejected in the courts because,
it was argued, these knowledgeable investors knew they were exposed to this type of event risk
when they purchased the bonds, and presumably were compensated for the expected risk in the
form of the risk premium earned on the bonds.
14. The three major factors that determine the market value of a firm's stock are: (1) the amount
of the cash flows expected to be generated for the benefit of stockholders; (2) the timing of these
cash flows; and (3) the risk of the cash flows.
15. The market’s reaction may have reflected (1) an expectation that there would ultimately be a
, splitting up and spin-off of the natural resources business from the steel business, thereby
assuring that cash flows generated by Marathon Oil would not be wasted on reinvestment in the
low return steel business; or (2) the potential that this separation would make it more difficult for
the steel segment of USX to tap the cash flows of Marathon Oil.
16. By declaring bankruptcy, Kodak hoped to protect itself from the claims of creditors while it
sought a way to either sell or restructure its assets. Presumably, the management at Kodak
thought that the bankruptcy declaration would provide it with an opportunity to restructure itself,
while it was protected from the pressures of making burdensome interest and other payments to
creditors.
17. Firms that expect their employees to act according to a high standard of ethical behavior can
expect to experience lower litigation costs. Customers, suppliers, and investors can be expected to
value a firm committed to maintaining high ethical standards in the conduct of its business, and
thereby build long-term loyalties and business relationships.
18. Sole proprietorships are characterized by the virtual non-existence of agency problems
between owners and managers, because the owner and manager are usually one and the same. Of
course, there still is the potential agency conflict between creditors and owners. However, even in
this case the risk to creditors is reduced because the owner has unlimited personal liability for the
debts of the firm. The major shortcoming of the proprietorship form of organization is the limited
ability of the owner to raise capital, because the owner is the sole source of equity and the owner
is personally liable for all of the firm's debts.
Partnerships provide a greater potential for raising capital because there is more than one owner-
manager. The capital raising potential of partnerships is limited to the number of partners of the
firm. Owner-manager agency problems assume increased importance in a partnership because
each partner only bears a fractional portion of the cost of his/her actions. Hence, if a partner
consumes excessive perquisites, the partner will only pay a fractional share of the cost of this
wasteful behavior. The larger the partnership, the greater is this potential problem.
Corporations have the greatest potential for owner-manager agency problems because of the
separation of ownership from control. Offsetting this corporate disadvantage is the nearly
unlimited ability of corporations to raise capital, both debt and equity. The capital raising ability
of corporations can be attributed largely to the limited liability feature of common stock
ownership.
This limited liability feature gives rise to increased agency cost problems between owners and
creditors.
