NR 601 Answers to final exam study guide

Week Topics Week 5 Glucose metabolism disorders 1. Types of diabetes 3 Types  Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, but occurs most frequently in children and adolescents. When you have type 1 diabetes, your body produces very little or no insulin, which means that you need daily insulin injections to maintain blood glucose levels under control.  Type 2 diabetes is more common in adults and accounts for around 90% of all diabetes cases. When you have type 2 diabetes, your body does not make good use of the insulin that it produces. The cornerstone of type 2 diabetes treatment is healthy lifestyle, including increased physical activity and healthy diet. However, over time most people with type 2 diabetes will require oral drugs and/or insulin to keep their blood glucose levels under control.  Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a type of diabetes that consists of high blood glucose during pregnancy and is associated with complications to both mother and child. GDM usually disappears after pregnancy but women affected and their children are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Diagnostic criteria  A fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level of 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher, or  A 2-hour plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher during a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), or  A random plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher in a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis Whether a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level of 6.5% or higher should be a primary diagnostic Initial treatment The American Diabetes Association recommends routine screening for type 2 diabetes beginning at age 45, If the results are normal, repeat the test every three years. Screening is also recommended for people who are under 45 and overweight if there are other heart disease or diabetes risk factors present, such as a sedentary lifestyle, a family history of type 2 diabetes, a personal history of gestational diabetes or blood pressure above 140/90 millimeters of mercury For patients with type 2 diabetes with overweight (BMI ≥25 to 29.9 kg/m2 ) or obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2 ) Examples of possible treatments for type 2 diabetes include: Biguanides Metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, others). Generally, metformin is the first medication prescribed for type 2 diabetes.