NR 222 Final Exam
I I I
Chapter 1 I
Patient-centered Icare
IProfessionalism
Nursing as a Profession
I I I
➢ Requires Icritical Ithinking
➢ Administer Ipatient-centered Iquality Icare
➢ Be Iresponsible Iand Iaccountable
Health Icare Iadvocacy Igroups
➢ Robert IWood IJohnson IFoundation I(RWJF) IFuture Iof INursing: ICampaign Ifor IAction
➢ Institute Iof IMedicine I(IOM) Ipublication Ion IThe IFuture Iof INursing
Science Iand IArt Iof INursing IPractice
Nursing Irequires:
➢ Current Iknowledge Iand Ipractice Istandards
➢ Insightful Iand Icompassionate Iapproach
➢ Critical Ithinking
Benner’s Istages Iof Inursing Iproficiency:
➢ Novice
➢ Advanced Ibeginner
➢ Competent
➢ Proficient
➢ Expert
Scope Iand IStandards Iof IPractice
INursing Idefinitions
➢ American INurses IAssociation I(ANA)
➢ International ICouncil Iof INurses I(ICN)
Nursing: IScope Iand IStandards Iof IPractice
➢ 1960: IDocumentation Ibegan
➢ Standards Iof IProfessional INursing IPractice
➢ Standards Iof IProfessional IPerformance
➢ Code Iof IEthics
Professional IResponsibilities Iand IRoles
Autonomy Iand Iaccountability
ICaregiver
Advocate
IEducator
ICommunicato
r
,Manager
Career IDevelopment
IProvider Iof Icare
Advanced IPractice IRegistered INurses
➢ Clinical INurse ISpecialist
➢ Nurse IPractitioner
➢ Certified INurse-Midwife
➢ Certified IRegistered INurse IAnesthetist
➢ Nurse Educator
I
➢ Nurse Administrator
I
➢ Nurse Researcher
I
➢ Nursing Shortage
I
• Correlation Ibetween Idirect Icare Iprovided Iby Ian IRN Iand:
➢ Positive Ipatient Ioutcomes
➢ Reduced Icomplication Irates
➢ More Irapid Ireturn Iof Ithe Ipatient Ito Ioptimal Ifunctional Istatus
• With Ifewer Iavailable Inurses, Iit Iis Iimportant Ifor Iyou Ito Ilearn Ito Iuse Iyour Ipatient Icontact Itime
Iefficiently Iand Iprofessionally.
Historical IInfluences
• Nurses:
➢ Respond Ito Ineeds Iof Ipatients
➢ Actively Iparticipate Iin Idetermining Ibest Ipractices
• Knowledge Iof Ithe Ihistory Iof Ithe Inursing Iprofession Iincreases Iyour Iability Ito Iunderstand Ithe
Isocial Iand Iintellectual Iorigins Iof Ithe Idiscipline.
Florence INightingale
• Established Ifirst Inursing Iphilosophy Ibased Ion Ihealth Imaintenance Iand Irestoration
• Organized Ifirst Ischool Iof Inursing
• First Ipracticing Iepidemiologist
• Improved Isanitation Iin Ibattlefield Ihospitals
• Practices Iremain Ia Ibasic Ipart Iof Inursing Itoday
Civil IWar Ito Ithe IBeginning Iof Ithe ITwentieth ICentury
• Clara IBarton
• Dorthea ILynde IDix Iand IMother IBickerdyke
• Harriet ITubman
• Mary IMahoney
• Isabel IHampton IRobb
,• Lillian IWald Iand IMary IBrewster
Twentieth ICentury
• Movement Itoward Iscientific, Iresearch-based Ipractice Iand Idefined Ibody Iof Iknowledge
• Nurses Iassumed Iexpanded Iand Iadvanced Ipractice Iroles
➢ 1906: IMary IAdelaide INutting, Ifirst Inursing Iprofessor Iat IColumbia ITeacher’s ICollege
➢ Army Iand INavy INurse ICorps Iestablished
➢ 1920s: INursing Ispecialization Ibegan
➢ 1990: IANA Iestablished ICenter Ifor IEthics Iand IHuman IRights
Twenty-First ICentury
• Changes Iin Icurriculum Ito Imeet Ichanging Isocietal Ineeds
• Advances Iin Itechnology Iand Iinformatics Irequires Inurses Ito Ihave Ia Istrong Iand Icurrent
Iknowledge Ibase
• Last IActs ICampaign
• End-of-life Icare Iand Ipractices Iadded Ito Inursing Icurricula
Contemporary IInfluences
• Importance Iof Inurses’ Iself-care
• Health Icare Ireform Iand Icosts
• Demographic Ichanges
• Medically Iunderserved
Trends Iin INursing
• Evidence-based Ipractice
• Quality Iand ISafety IEducation Ifor INurses I(QSEN)
• Impact Iof Iemerging Itechnologies
• Genomics
• Public Iperception Iof Inursing
• Impact Iof Inursing Ion Ipolitics Iand Ihealth Ipolicy
Professional IRegistered INurse IEducation
• Prelicensure
➢ 2-year Iassociate’s Idegree
➢ 4-year Ibaccalaureate Idegree
• Graduate Ieducation
➢ Master’s Idegree, Iadvanced Ipractice IRN
➢ Doctoral Idegrees
• Continuing Iand Iin-service Ieducation
Nursing IPractice
• Nurse IPractice IActs I(NPAs)
➢ Overseen Iby IState IBoards Iof INursing
, ➢ Regulate Iscope Iof Inursing Ipractice
➢ Protect Ipublic Ihealth, Isafety, Iand Iwelfare
• Licensure Iand Icertification
➢ Licensure: INCLEX-RN® Iexamination
➢ Certification: Irequirements Ivary
Professional INursing IOrganizations
• Address Imember Iconcerns
• Present Ieducational Iprograms
• Publish Ijournals
• Student Iorganizations
➢ National IStudent INurses IAssociation I(NSNA)
➢ Canadian IStudent INurses IAssociation I(CSNA)
Chapter 2 I
The IHealth ICare IDelivery ISystem
Challenges to Health Care
I I I
• US Ihealth Icare Isystem Iis Icomplex Iand Iconstantly Ichanging
➢ Uninsured
• Nurses Ishould Ibe Iprepared Iand Iwork Itoward:
➢ Improving Iaccess
➢ Maintaining Iquality Iand Isafety
➢ Lessening Ihealth Icare Icosts
Traditional ILevel Iof IHealth ICare
• Preventative
• Primary- I is Itrue Iprevention. IIts Igoal Iis Ito Ireduce Ithe Iincidence Iof Idisease.
• Secondary- I focuses Ion Ipreventing Ithe Ispread Iof Idisease, Iillness, Ior Iinfection Ionce Iit
Ioccurs.
• Tertiary- Ioccurs Iwhen Ia Idefect Ior Idisability Iis Ipermanent Iand Iirreversible. IIt Iinvolves
Iminimizing Ithe Ieffects Iof Ilong-term Idisease Ior Idisability Iby Iinterventions Idirected Iat
Ipreventing Icomplications Iand Ideterioration.
• Restorative
• Continuing Ihealth Icare
I I I
Chapter 1 I
Patient-centered Icare
IProfessionalism
Nursing as a Profession
I I I
➢ Requires Icritical Ithinking
➢ Administer Ipatient-centered Iquality Icare
➢ Be Iresponsible Iand Iaccountable
Health Icare Iadvocacy Igroups
➢ Robert IWood IJohnson IFoundation I(RWJF) IFuture Iof INursing: ICampaign Ifor IAction
➢ Institute Iof IMedicine I(IOM) Ipublication Ion IThe IFuture Iof INursing
Science Iand IArt Iof INursing IPractice
Nursing Irequires:
➢ Current Iknowledge Iand Ipractice Istandards
➢ Insightful Iand Icompassionate Iapproach
➢ Critical Ithinking
Benner’s Istages Iof Inursing Iproficiency:
➢ Novice
➢ Advanced Ibeginner
➢ Competent
➢ Proficient
➢ Expert
Scope Iand IStandards Iof IPractice
INursing Idefinitions
➢ American INurses IAssociation I(ANA)
➢ International ICouncil Iof INurses I(ICN)
Nursing: IScope Iand IStandards Iof IPractice
➢ 1960: IDocumentation Ibegan
➢ Standards Iof IProfessional INursing IPractice
➢ Standards Iof IProfessional IPerformance
➢ Code Iof IEthics
Professional IResponsibilities Iand IRoles
Autonomy Iand Iaccountability
ICaregiver
Advocate
IEducator
ICommunicato
r
,Manager
Career IDevelopment
IProvider Iof Icare
Advanced IPractice IRegistered INurses
➢ Clinical INurse ISpecialist
➢ Nurse IPractitioner
➢ Certified INurse-Midwife
➢ Certified IRegistered INurse IAnesthetist
➢ Nurse Educator
I
➢ Nurse Administrator
I
➢ Nurse Researcher
I
➢ Nursing Shortage
I
• Correlation Ibetween Idirect Icare Iprovided Iby Ian IRN Iand:
➢ Positive Ipatient Ioutcomes
➢ Reduced Icomplication Irates
➢ More Irapid Ireturn Iof Ithe Ipatient Ito Ioptimal Ifunctional Istatus
• With Ifewer Iavailable Inurses, Iit Iis Iimportant Ifor Iyou Ito Ilearn Ito Iuse Iyour Ipatient Icontact Itime
Iefficiently Iand Iprofessionally.
Historical IInfluences
• Nurses:
➢ Respond Ito Ineeds Iof Ipatients
➢ Actively Iparticipate Iin Idetermining Ibest Ipractices
• Knowledge Iof Ithe Ihistory Iof Ithe Inursing Iprofession Iincreases Iyour Iability Ito Iunderstand Ithe
Isocial Iand Iintellectual Iorigins Iof Ithe Idiscipline.
Florence INightingale
• Established Ifirst Inursing Iphilosophy Ibased Ion Ihealth Imaintenance Iand Irestoration
• Organized Ifirst Ischool Iof Inursing
• First Ipracticing Iepidemiologist
• Improved Isanitation Iin Ibattlefield Ihospitals
• Practices Iremain Ia Ibasic Ipart Iof Inursing Itoday
Civil IWar Ito Ithe IBeginning Iof Ithe ITwentieth ICentury
• Clara IBarton
• Dorthea ILynde IDix Iand IMother IBickerdyke
• Harriet ITubman
• Mary IMahoney
• Isabel IHampton IRobb
,• Lillian IWald Iand IMary IBrewster
Twentieth ICentury
• Movement Itoward Iscientific, Iresearch-based Ipractice Iand Idefined Ibody Iof Iknowledge
• Nurses Iassumed Iexpanded Iand Iadvanced Ipractice Iroles
➢ 1906: IMary IAdelaide INutting, Ifirst Inursing Iprofessor Iat IColumbia ITeacher’s ICollege
➢ Army Iand INavy INurse ICorps Iestablished
➢ 1920s: INursing Ispecialization Ibegan
➢ 1990: IANA Iestablished ICenter Ifor IEthics Iand IHuman IRights
Twenty-First ICentury
• Changes Iin Icurriculum Ito Imeet Ichanging Isocietal Ineeds
• Advances Iin Itechnology Iand Iinformatics Irequires Inurses Ito Ihave Ia Istrong Iand Icurrent
Iknowledge Ibase
• Last IActs ICampaign
• End-of-life Icare Iand Ipractices Iadded Ito Inursing Icurricula
Contemporary IInfluences
• Importance Iof Inurses’ Iself-care
• Health Icare Ireform Iand Icosts
• Demographic Ichanges
• Medically Iunderserved
Trends Iin INursing
• Evidence-based Ipractice
• Quality Iand ISafety IEducation Ifor INurses I(QSEN)
• Impact Iof Iemerging Itechnologies
• Genomics
• Public Iperception Iof Inursing
• Impact Iof Inursing Ion Ipolitics Iand Ihealth Ipolicy
Professional IRegistered INurse IEducation
• Prelicensure
➢ 2-year Iassociate’s Idegree
➢ 4-year Ibaccalaureate Idegree
• Graduate Ieducation
➢ Master’s Idegree, Iadvanced Ipractice IRN
➢ Doctoral Idegrees
• Continuing Iand Iin-service Ieducation
Nursing IPractice
• Nurse IPractice IActs I(NPAs)
➢ Overseen Iby IState IBoards Iof INursing
, ➢ Regulate Iscope Iof Inursing Ipractice
➢ Protect Ipublic Ihealth, Isafety, Iand Iwelfare
• Licensure Iand Icertification
➢ Licensure: INCLEX-RN® Iexamination
➢ Certification: Irequirements Ivary
Professional INursing IOrganizations
• Address Imember Iconcerns
• Present Ieducational Iprograms
• Publish Ijournals
• Student Iorganizations
➢ National IStudent INurses IAssociation I(NSNA)
➢ Canadian IStudent INurses IAssociation I(CSNA)
Chapter 2 I
The IHealth ICare IDelivery ISystem
Challenges to Health Care
I I I
• US Ihealth Icare Isystem Iis Icomplex Iand Iconstantly Ichanging
➢ Uninsured
• Nurses Ishould Ibe Iprepared Iand Iwork Itoward:
➢ Improving Iaccess
➢ Maintaining Iquality Iand Isafety
➢ Lessening Ihealth Icare Icosts
Traditional ILevel Iof IHealth ICare
• Preventative
• Primary- I is Itrue Iprevention. IIts Igoal Iis Ito Ireduce Ithe Iincidence Iof Idisease.
• Secondary- I focuses Ion Ipreventing Ithe Ispread Iof Idisease, Iillness, Ior Iinfection Ionce Iit
Ioccurs.
• Tertiary- Ioccurs Iwhen Ia Idefect Ior Idisability Iis Ipermanent Iand Iirreversible. IIt Iinvolves
Iminimizing Ithe Ieffects Iof Ilong-term Idisease Ior Idisability Iby Iinterventions Idirected Iat
Ipreventing Icomplications Iand Ideterioration.
• Restorative
• Continuing Ihealth Icare
