1
NR328 I– IStudy IGuide IExam I1
Perspectives Iof IPediatric INursing
1 Review Ithe Imajor Icategories Iof Ipediatric Ihealth Ipromotion; Iwhat Iare Ithe Imajor Ihealth Iissues Iaffecting
Ichildren Itoday Iand Ihow Iare Ithey Iinfluence Iby Ithe Ichild’s Ienvironment?
Major ICategories Iof IPediatric IHealth IPromotion
A. Development
• Surveillance Iof Ithe Ichanges Ithat Ioccur Iin Ihuman Ibeings Ibetween Ibirth Iand Ithe Iend Iof Iadolescence
o physical, Ipsychologic, Iand Iemotional
• Health Ipromotion Iis Ibased Ion Icontinuous Iscreening Iand Iassessment Ifor Iearly Iintervention Iif Iproblems
Iare Ifound
• It Idepends Ion Ieach Istage Iof Idevelopment
o Infancy: I the Imost Idramatic Itime Ifor Idevelopment
▪ Physical, Imotor, Icognitive, Iemotional, Iand Isocial Idevelopment Ioccurs
▪ Parent Iinteraction Iwith Iinfant Iis Ikey Ifor Ioptimal Idevelopment
o Earl Ichildhood
▪ Parents Ineed Ito Iapply Ianticipatory Iguidance Ito Iidentify Idevelopment Idelays
o Middle Ichildhood
▪ Surveillance Ifrom Iparents Ito Istrengthen
• Cognitive Iand Iemotional Iattributes
• Communication Iskills
• Self Iesteem
• Independence
o Adolescents
▪ Their Ilevel Iof Imaturity Iis Idifferent Ifor Ieach Iindividual
• Physical, Isocial, Iemotional
B. Nutrition
• Infancy
o Human Imilk Iis Ithe Ipreferred Iform Iof Inutrition Ifor Iall Iinfants.
▪ Breastfeeding Iis Ithe Ibest: Iprovides Ithe Iinfant Iwith Imicronutrients, Iimmunologic
Iproperties, Iand Ienzymes Ithat Ienhance Idigestion Iand Iabsorption Iof Ithese Inutrients.
• Early Ichildhood
o Eating Ihabits Iare Iestablished Iduring Ithe Ifirst I3 Iyears Iof Ilife,
▪ The Inurse Iis Iinstrumental Iin Ieducating Iparents Ion Igood Ithe Iimportance Iof Inutrition.
o Eating Ipreferences Iand Iattitudes Ito Ifood Iare Iestablished Iby Ifamily Iinfluences Iand Iculture.
• Adolescence
o Parental Iinfluence Idiminishes
o The Iadolescent Imakes Ifood Ichoices Irelated Ito Ipeer Iacceptability Iand Isociability.
▪ Choices Imay Ibe Idetrimental, Ileading Ito Ichronic Iillnesses Ilike
• Diabetes, Iobesity, Ichronic Ilung Idisease, Ihypertension, Icardiovascular Irisk
Ifactors, Iand Irenal Idisease.
• Child Ienvironment Iaffects INutrition
o Families Iwith Ilower Iincomes, Ihomelessness, Iand Imigrant Istatus Imay Ilack Ithe Iresources Ito
Iprovide Inutritious Ifoods
▪ fresh Ifruits Iand Ivegetables, Iand Iappropriate Iprotein Iintake.
o Risk Iof Inutritional Ideficiencies Iwith Igrowth Iand Idevelopmental Idelays, Idepression, Iand
Ibehavior Iproblems.
, 2
C. Oral IHealth
• Early IChildhood
o Preventing Idental Icaries Iand Ideveloping Ihealthy Ioral Ihygiene Ihabits
o Dental Icaries Iis Ithe Isingle Imost Icommon Ichronic Idisease Iof Ichildhood.
▪ One Iin Ifive Ichildren Ibetween Ithe Iages Iof I2 Iand I4 Iyears Ihas Ivisible Icavities.
▪ May Ibegin Ibefore Ithe Ifirst Ibirthday Iand Iprogress Ito Ipain Iand Iinfection
• Child Ienvironment Iaffects IOral IHealth
o Low-income Ifamilies:
▪ Children Iare Itwice Ias Ilikely Ito Idevelop Itooth Idecay Iand
▪ Only Ihalf Ias Ilikely Ito Ivisit Ithe Identist
o Early Ichildhood Icaries Iis Ia Ipreventable Idisease
▪ Nurses Iplay Ian Iessential Irole Iin Ieducating Ichildren Iand Iparents
• drinking Ifluoridated Iwater
• Instituting Iearly Idental Ipreventive Icare.
• Oral Ihealth Icare Ipractices Iprevent Idestructive Iperiodontal Idisease Iand Idental
Idecay.
2 Be Iable Ito Irecognize Iand Idefine Ithe Imain Ichildhood Ihealth Iproblems Ithat Iexist, Iknow Ithe
IassociatedIrisk Ifactors, Iand Ihow Ithese Iproblems Ivary Ibetween Iage Igroups, Igenders, Iand Iethnicities.
Childhood IHealth IProblems
A. Child’s Ienvironment Ithat Iaffects Ihealth: IPediatric ISocial IIllness,
• Refers Ito Ithe Ibehavior, Isocial, Iand Ieducational Iproblems Ithat Ichildren Iface.
• Includes Ipoverty, Iviolence, Iaggression, Ischool Ifailure, Iand Iadjustment Ito Iparental Iseparation Iand
Idivorce.
o Mental Ihealth Iissues Icause Ichallenges Iin Ichildhood Iand Iadolescence.
• Groups Iof Ichildren Iwho Iare Iat Ihighest Irisk
o children Iborn Iprematurely Ior Iwith IVery ILow IBirth IWeight I(VLBW) Ior ILow IBirth IWeight
I(LBW),
o children Iattending Ichild Icare Icenters,
o children Iwho Ilive Iin Ipoverty Ior Iare Ihomeless,
o children Iof Iimmigrant Ifamilies, Iand
o children Iwith Ichronic Imedical Iand Ipsychiatric Iillness Iand Idisabilities
B. Obesity Iand IType I2 IDiabetes
• Childhood Iobesity: Ithe Imost Icommon Inutritional Iproblem Iamong IAmerican Ichildren,
o epidemic Iproportions
o Associated Iwith Itype I2 Idiabetes.
o Prevalence Iof Ioverweight Ichildren Idoubled Ibetween I1980 Iand I2000
o Prevalence Iof Ioverweight Iadolescents Itripled Ibetween I1980 Iand I2000
• Obesity Iin Ichildren Iand Iadolescents Idefined Ias:
o body Imass Iindex I(BMI) Iat Ior Igreater Ithan Ithe I95th Ipercentile Ifor Iyouth Iof Ithe Isame Iage Iand
Igender.
• Factors Ithat Icontribute Ito Iobesity
o Poor Inutrition Ihabits
o Entertainment Iand Itechnology I“Screen ITimes” I(television, Icomputers, Ivideo Igames)
Icontribute Ito Ichildhood Iobesity Iproblem
, 3
o Lack Iof Iphysical Iactivity, Iincreases Ithe Iincidence Iof Iobesity Iamong Ilow-income, Iminority
Ichildren.
▪ Due Ito Ilimited Iresources, Iunsafe Ienvironments, Iand Iinconvenient Iplay Iand Iexercise
facilities
• Overweight Iyouth Ihave Iincreased Irisk Ifor Imetabolic Isyndrome, Ia
o cluster Iof Icardiovascular Ifactors Ithat Iinclude Ihypertension, Ialtered Iglucose Imetabolism,
Idyslipidemia, Iand Iabdominal Iobesity) Iin Ithe Ifuture I.
• Nurses Imust Ifocus Ion Iprevention Istrategies Ito Ireduce Ithe Iincidence Iof Ioverweight Ichildren Ifrom Ithe
current I20% Iin Iall Iethnic Igroups Ito Iless Ithan I6%.
C. Childhood Iand IAdolescent IInjuries
• Injuries Iare Ithe Imost Icommon Icause Iof Ideath Iand Idisability Ito Ichildren
o Mortality Irates Ifor Isuicide, Ipoisoning, Iand Ifalls Irose Isubstantially
o Suicide Ihas Isurpassed Imotor Ivehicle Iaccidents Ias Ithe Ileading Icause Iof Iinjury Imortality.
o Other Iunintentional Iinjuries I(head Iinjuries, Idrowning, Iburns, Iand Ifirearm Iaccidents) Itake Ithe
Ilives Iof Ichildren Ievery Iday.
• Accident Iprevention Iand Ihealth Ipromotion Icould Iprevent Imany Ichildhood Iinjuries Iand Ifatalities
• Infants
o Small Iinfants Iare Ihelpless. IWhen Ithey Ibegin Ito Iroll Iover Ior Ipropel Ithemselves, Ithey Ican Ifall
Ifrom Iunprotected Isurfaces.
o Crawling Iinfant, Iwho Ihas Ia Inatural Itendency Ito Iplace Iobjects Iin Ithe Imouth, Iis Iat Irisk Ifor
aspiration Ior Ipoisoning.
o Mobile Itoddler, Iwith Ithe Iinstinct Ito Iexplore Iand Iinvestigate Iand Ithe Iability Ito Irun Iand Iclimb,
Imay Iexperience Ifalls, Iburns, Iand Icollisions Iwith Iobjects.
• Early IChildhood
o Play Imakes Ithem Iunaware Ito Ihazards: Istreet Itraffic Ior Iwater.
• Older Ichildhood Iand Iadolescents: Ineed Ito Igain Iacceptance Icompels Ithem Ito Iaccept Ichallenges.
o Most Ifatal Iinjuries Ioccur Iin Ilater Ichildhood Iand Iadolescence
• Type Iof Iaccidents
o Pedestrian Iaccidents Icause Isignificant Inumbers Iof Imotor Ivehicle–related Ideaths.
▪ Accidents Ioccur Iat Imidblock, Iat Iintersections, Iin Idriveways, Iand Iin Iparking Ilots,
Idriveway Iinjuries I(small Ichildren Iand Ilarge Ivehicles Ibacking Iup)
o Bicycle-associated Iinjuries
▪ Children Iages I5 Ito I9 Iyears Iare Iat Igreatest Irisk Iof Ibicycling Ifatalities.
• Deaths Iare Ifrom Ihead Iinjuries. IHelmets Ireduce Ithe Irisk
• But Ifew Ichildren Iwear Ihelmets
o Drowning Iand Iburns Iare Iamong Ithe Itop Ifive Ileading Icauses Iof Ideaths
o Improper Iuse Iof Ifirearms Iis Ia Imajor Icause Iof Ideath Iamong Imales.
o Aspiration Ior Isuffocation
o Poisoning Irelated Ito Imedications Ior Ioverdose
▪ Approximately I95% Iof Imedication-related Iemergency Iroom Ivisits Iin Ichildren Iunder
Iage I5 Iare Idue Ito Iingesting Imedication Iwhile Iunsupervised
o Intentional Ipoisoning, Iassociated Iwith Idrug Iand Ialcohol Iabuse Iand Isuicide Iattempt, Iis Ithe
second Ileading Icause Iof Ideath Iin Iadolescent Ifemales Iand Ithe Ithird Ileading Icause Iin Iadolescent
Imales.
D. Violence
• Youth Iviolence Iis Ia Ihigh-visibility, Ihigh-priority Iconcern
, 4
• Higher Ihomicide Irates Iare Ifound Iamong Iminority Ipopulations, Iespecially IAfrican-American
Ichildren.
• Violence I permeates I American I households I through I television I programs,
commercials, Ivideo Igames, Iand Imovies,
o Promotes Iattitude Iof Ithe Ichild Itoward Iviolence.
• Violence Ialso Ipermeates Ithe Ischools Iwith Ithe Iavailability Iof Iguns, Iillicit Idrugs, Iand Igangs.
• Child Ihomicide Iis Iextremely Icomplex Iproblem Iand Iinvolves Inumerous Isocial, Ieconomic, Iand
Iother Iinfluences
E. Mental IHealth IProblem
• Prevalence Iof Imental Ihealth Iproblems
o 1 Iout Iof I5 Iadolescents Ihas Ia Imental Ihealth Iproblem
o 1 Iout Iof I10 Ihas Ia Iserious Iemotional Iproblem.
• Suicide Iis Ithe Ithird Ileading Icause Iof Ideath Iin Ichildren Iages I10 Ito I19.
• Between I50% Iand I75% Iof Iadolescents Iwith Ianxiety Idisorders Iand Iimpulse Icontrol Idisorders
Idevelop Ithese Iduring Iadolescence.
• Children Iand Iadolescents Iwith Imental Ihealth Iproblems Iare Imore Ilikely Ito Iengage Iin Irisky
Ibehaviors Iand Ito Idrop Iout Iof Ischool
• Psychosocial Iproblems Iin Ichildren Iseen Iin Iprimary Icare Isettings Iin Irural Iareas Iare Icommon.
• Nurses Ishould Ibe Ialert Ito Ithe Isymptoms Iof Imental Iillness Iand Ipotential Isuicidal Iideation
o Be Iaware Iof Ipotential Iresources Ifor Ihigh-quality Iintegrated Imental Ihealth Iservices.
F. Infant IMortality
• The Iinfant Imortality Irate Iis Ithe Inumber Iof Ideaths Iduring Ithe Ifirst Iyear Iof Ilife Iper I1000 Ilive Ibirths.
ITwo Icategories Iare:
o Neonatal Imortality I(<28 Idays Iof Ilife) Iand
o Postneonatal Imortality I(28 Idays Ito I11 Imonths).
• In Ithe IU.S., Iinfant Imortality Ihas Idecreased Idramatically.
o In Ithe Ibeginning Iof Ithe I1900’s Ithe Irate Iwas Iapproximately I200 Iinfant Ideaths Iper I1000 Ilive
Ibirths.
o In I2011 Ithe Iinfant Imortality Irate Iwas I6.05 Ideaths Iper I1000 Ilive Ibirths
NR328 I– IStudy IGuide IExam I1
Perspectives Iof IPediatric INursing
1 Review Ithe Imajor Icategories Iof Ipediatric Ihealth Ipromotion; Iwhat Iare Ithe Imajor Ihealth Iissues Iaffecting
Ichildren Itoday Iand Ihow Iare Ithey Iinfluence Iby Ithe Ichild’s Ienvironment?
Major ICategories Iof IPediatric IHealth IPromotion
A. Development
• Surveillance Iof Ithe Ichanges Ithat Ioccur Iin Ihuman Ibeings Ibetween Ibirth Iand Ithe Iend Iof Iadolescence
o physical, Ipsychologic, Iand Iemotional
• Health Ipromotion Iis Ibased Ion Icontinuous Iscreening Iand Iassessment Ifor Iearly Iintervention Iif Iproblems
Iare Ifound
• It Idepends Ion Ieach Istage Iof Idevelopment
o Infancy: I the Imost Idramatic Itime Ifor Idevelopment
▪ Physical, Imotor, Icognitive, Iemotional, Iand Isocial Idevelopment Ioccurs
▪ Parent Iinteraction Iwith Iinfant Iis Ikey Ifor Ioptimal Idevelopment
o Earl Ichildhood
▪ Parents Ineed Ito Iapply Ianticipatory Iguidance Ito Iidentify Idevelopment Idelays
o Middle Ichildhood
▪ Surveillance Ifrom Iparents Ito Istrengthen
• Cognitive Iand Iemotional Iattributes
• Communication Iskills
• Self Iesteem
• Independence
o Adolescents
▪ Their Ilevel Iof Imaturity Iis Idifferent Ifor Ieach Iindividual
• Physical, Isocial, Iemotional
B. Nutrition
• Infancy
o Human Imilk Iis Ithe Ipreferred Iform Iof Inutrition Ifor Iall Iinfants.
▪ Breastfeeding Iis Ithe Ibest: Iprovides Ithe Iinfant Iwith Imicronutrients, Iimmunologic
Iproperties, Iand Ienzymes Ithat Ienhance Idigestion Iand Iabsorption Iof Ithese Inutrients.
• Early Ichildhood
o Eating Ihabits Iare Iestablished Iduring Ithe Ifirst I3 Iyears Iof Ilife,
▪ The Inurse Iis Iinstrumental Iin Ieducating Iparents Ion Igood Ithe Iimportance Iof Inutrition.
o Eating Ipreferences Iand Iattitudes Ito Ifood Iare Iestablished Iby Ifamily Iinfluences Iand Iculture.
• Adolescence
o Parental Iinfluence Idiminishes
o The Iadolescent Imakes Ifood Ichoices Irelated Ito Ipeer Iacceptability Iand Isociability.
▪ Choices Imay Ibe Idetrimental, Ileading Ito Ichronic Iillnesses Ilike
• Diabetes, Iobesity, Ichronic Ilung Idisease, Ihypertension, Icardiovascular Irisk
Ifactors, Iand Irenal Idisease.
• Child Ienvironment Iaffects INutrition
o Families Iwith Ilower Iincomes, Ihomelessness, Iand Imigrant Istatus Imay Ilack Ithe Iresources Ito
Iprovide Inutritious Ifoods
▪ fresh Ifruits Iand Ivegetables, Iand Iappropriate Iprotein Iintake.
o Risk Iof Inutritional Ideficiencies Iwith Igrowth Iand Idevelopmental Idelays, Idepression, Iand
Ibehavior Iproblems.
, 2
C. Oral IHealth
• Early IChildhood
o Preventing Idental Icaries Iand Ideveloping Ihealthy Ioral Ihygiene Ihabits
o Dental Icaries Iis Ithe Isingle Imost Icommon Ichronic Idisease Iof Ichildhood.
▪ One Iin Ifive Ichildren Ibetween Ithe Iages Iof I2 Iand I4 Iyears Ihas Ivisible Icavities.
▪ May Ibegin Ibefore Ithe Ifirst Ibirthday Iand Iprogress Ito Ipain Iand Iinfection
• Child Ienvironment Iaffects IOral IHealth
o Low-income Ifamilies:
▪ Children Iare Itwice Ias Ilikely Ito Idevelop Itooth Idecay Iand
▪ Only Ihalf Ias Ilikely Ito Ivisit Ithe Identist
o Early Ichildhood Icaries Iis Ia Ipreventable Idisease
▪ Nurses Iplay Ian Iessential Irole Iin Ieducating Ichildren Iand Iparents
• drinking Ifluoridated Iwater
• Instituting Iearly Idental Ipreventive Icare.
• Oral Ihealth Icare Ipractices Iprevent Idestructive Iperiodontal Idisease Iand Idental
Idecay.
2 Be Iable Ito Irecognize Iand Idefine Ithe Imain Ichildhood Ihealth Iproblems Ithat Iexist, Iknow Ithe
IassociatedIrisk Ifactors, Iand Ihow Ithese Iproblems Ivary Ibetween Iage Igroups, Igenders, Iand Iethnicities.
Childhood IHealth IProblems
A. Child’s Ienvironment Ithat Iaffects Ihealth: IPediatric ISocial IIllness,
• Refers Ito Ithe Ibehavior, Isocial, Iand Ieducational Iproblems Ithat Ichildren Iface.
• Includes Ipoverty, Iviolence, Iaggression, Ischool Ifailure, Iand Iadjustment Ito Iparental Iseparation Iand
Idivorce.
o Mental Ihealth Iissues Icause Ichallenges Iin Ichildhood Iand Iadolescence.
• Groups Iof Ichildren Iwho Iare Iat Ihighest Irisk
o children Iborn Iprematurely Ior Iwith IVery ILow IBirth IWeight I(VLBW) Ior ILow IBirth IWeight
I(LBW),
o children Iattending Ichild Icare Icenters,
o children Iwho Ilive Iin Ipoverty Ior Iare Ihomeless,
o children Iof Iimmigrant Ifamilies, Iand
o children Iwith Ichronic Imedical Iand Ipsychiatric Iillness Iand Idisabilities
B. Obesity Iand IType I2 IDiabetes
• Childhood Iobesity: Ithe Imost Icommon Inutritional Iproblem Iamong IAmerican Ichildren,
o epidemic Iproportions
o Associated Iwith Itype I2 Idiabetes.
o Prevalence Iof Ioverweight Ichildren Idoubled Ibetween I1980 Iand I2000
o Prevalence Iof Ioverweight Iadolescents Itripled Ibetween I1980 Iand I2000
• Obesity Iin Ichildren Iand Iadolescents Idefined Ias:
o body Imass Iindex I(BMI) Iat Ior Igreater Ithan Ithe I95th Ipercentile Ifor Iyouth Iof Ithe Isame Iage Iand
Igender.
• Factors Ithat Icontribute Ito Iobesity
o Poor Inutrition Ihabits
o Entertainment Iand Itechnology I“Screen ITimes” I(television, Icomputers, Ivideo Igames)
Icontribute Ito Ichildhood Iobesity Iproblem
, 3
o Lack Iof Iphysical Iactivity, Iincreases Ithe Iincidence Iof Iobesity Iamong Ilow-income, Iminority
Ichildren.
▪ Due Ito Ilimited Iresources, Iunsafe Ienvironments, Iand Iinconvenient Iplay Iand Iexercise
facilities
• Overweight Iyouth Ihave Iincreased Irisk Ifor Imetabolic Isyndrome, Ia
o cluster Iof Icardiovascular Ifactors Ithat Iinclude Ihypertension, Ialtered Iglucose Imetabolism,
Idyslipidemia, Iand Iabdominal Iobesity) Iin Ithe Ifuture I.
• Nurses Imust Ifocus Ion Iprevention Istrategies Ito Ireduce Ithe Iincidence Iof Ioverweight Ichildren Ifrom Ithe
current I20% Iin Iall Iethnic Igroups Ito Iless Ithan I6%.
C. Childhood Iand IAdolescent IInjuries
• Injuries Iare Ithe Imost Icommon Icause Iof Ideath Iand Idisability Ito Ichildren
o Mortality Irates Ifor Isuicide, Ipoisoning, Iand Ifalls Irose Isubstantially
o Suicide Ihas Isurpassed Imotor Ivehicle Iaccidents Ias Ithe Ileading Icause Iof Iinjury Imortality.
o Other Iunintentional Iinjuries I(head Iinjuries, Idrowning, Iburns, Iand Ifirearm Iaccidents) Itake Ithe
Ilives Iof Ichildren Ievery Iday.
• Accident Iprevention Iand Ihealth Ipromotion Icould Iprevent Imany Ichildhood Iinjuries Iand Ifatalities
• Infants
o Small Iinfants Iare Ihelpless. IWhen Ithey Ibegin Ito Iroll Iover Ior Ipropel Ithemselves, Ithey Ican Ifall
Ifrom Iunprotected Isurfaces.
o Crawling Iinfant, Iwho Ihas Ia Inatural Itendency Ito Iplace Iobjects Iin Ithe Imouth, Iis Iat Irisk Ifor
aspiration Ior Ipoisoning.
o Mobile Itoddler, Iwith Ithe Iinstinct Ito Iexplore Iand Iinvestigate Iand Ithe Iability Ito Irun Iand Iclimb,
Imay Iexperience Ifalls, Iburns, Iand Icollisions Iwith Iobjects.
• Early IChildhood
o Play Imakes Ithem Iunaware Ito Ihazards: Istreet Itraffic Ior Iwater.
• Older Ichildhood Iand Iadolescents: Ineed Ito Igain Iacceptance Icompels Ithem Ito Iaccept Ichallenges.
o Most Ifatal Iinjuries Ioccur Iin Ilater Ichildhood Iand Iadolescence
• Type Iof Iaccidents
o Pedestrian Iaccidents Icause Isignificant Inumbers Iof Imotor Ivehicle–related Ideaths.
▪ Accidents Ioccur Iat Imidblock, Iat Iintersections, Iin Idriveways, Iand Iin Iparking Ilots,
Idriveway Iinjuries I(small Ichildren Iand Ilarge Ivehicles Ibacking Iup)
o Bicycle-associated Iinjuries
▪ Children Iages I5 Ito I9 Iyears Iare Iat Igreatest Irisk Iof Ibicycling Ifatalities.
• Deaths Iare Ifrom Ihead Iinjuries. IHelmets Ireduce Ithe Irisk
• But Ifew Ichildren Iwear Ihelmets
o Drowning Iand Iburns Iare Iamong Ithe Itop Ifive Ileading Icauses Iof Ideaths
o Improper Iuse Iof Ifirearms Iis Ia Imajor Icause Iof Ideath Iamong Imales.
o Aspiration Ior Isuffocation
o Poisoning Irelated Ito Imedications Ior Ioverdose
▪ Approximately I95% Iof Imedication-related Iemergency Iroom Ivisits Iin Ichildren Iunder
Iage I5 Iare Idue Ito Iingesting Imedication Iwhile Iunsupervised
o Intentional Ipoisoning, Iassociated Iwith Idrug Iand Ialcohol Iabuse Iand Isuicide Iattempt, Iis Ithe
second Ileading Icause Iof Ideath Iin Iadolescent Ifemales Iand Ithe Ithird Ileading Icause Iin Iadolescent
Imales.
D. Violence
• Youth Iviolence Iis Ia Ihigh-visibility, Ihigh-priority Iconcern
, 4
• Higher Ihomicide Irates Iare Ifound Iamong Iminority Ipopulations, Iespecially IAfrican-American
Ichildren.
• Violence I permeates I American I households I through I television I programs,
commercials, Ivideo Igames, Iand Imovies,
o Promotes Iattitude Iof Ithe Ichild Itoward Iviolence.
• Violence Ialso Ipermeates Ithe Ischools Iwith Ithe Iavailability Iof Iguns, Iillicit Idrugs, Iand Igangs.
• Child Ihomicide Iis Iextremely Icomplex Iproblem Iand Iinvolves Inumerous Isocial, Ieconomic, Iand
Iother Iinfluences
E. Mental IHealth IProblem
• Prevalence Iof Imental Ihealth Iproblems
o 1 Iout Iof I5 Iadolescents Ihas Ia Imental Ihealth Iproblem
o 1 Iout Iof I10 Ihas Ia Iserious Iemotional Iproblem.
• Suicide Iis Ithe Ithird Ileading Icause Iof Ideath Iin Ichildren Iages I10 Ito I19.
• Between I50% Iand I75% Iof Iadolescents Iwith Ianxiety Idisorders Iand Iimpulse Icontrol Idisorders
Idevelop Ithese Iduring Iadolescence.
• Children Iand Iadolescents Iwith Imental Ihealth Iproblems Iare Imore Ilikely Ito Iengage Iin Irisky
Ibehaviors Iand Ito Idrop Iout Iof Ischool
• Psychosocial Iproblems Iin Ichildren Iseen Iin Iprimary Icare Isettings Iin Irural Iareas Iare Icommon.
• Nurses Ishould Ibe Ialert Ito Ithe Isymptoms Iof Imental Iillness Iand Ipotential Isuicidal Iideation
o Be Iaware Iof Ipotential Iresources Ifor Ihigh-quality Iintegrated Imental Ihealth Iservices.
F. Infant IMortality
• The Iinfant Imortality Irate Iis Ithe Inumber Iof Ideaths Iduring Ithe Ifirst Iyear Iof Ilife Iper I1000 Ilive Ibirths.
ITwo Icategories Iare:
o Neonatal Imortality I(<28 Idays Iof Ilife) Iand
o Postneonatal Imortality I(28 Idays Ito I11 Imonths).
• In Ithe IU.S., Iinfant Imortality Ihas Idecreased Idramatically.
o In Ithe Ibeginning Iof Ithe I1900’s Ithe Irate Iwas Iapproximately I200 Iinfant Ideaths Iper I1000 Ilive
Ibirths.
o In I2011 Ithe Iinfant Imortality Irate Iwas I6.05 Ideaths Iper I1000 Ilive Ibirths
