Exam (elaborations) GIZMOS Student Exploration Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Exam (elaborations) GIZMOS Student Exploration Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Vocabulary: allele, genotype, Hardy-Weinberg equation, Hardy-Weinberg principle, heterozygous, homozygous, Punnett square Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) Suppose the feather color of a bird is controlled by two alleles, D and d. The D allele results in dark feathers, while the d allele results in lighter feathers. 1. Suppose two Dd birds mate. What percentages of DD, Dd, and dd offspring would you predict? Use the Punnett square at right to help determine your answer. DD: 25% Dd: 50% dd: 25% 2. In this situation, what ratio of heterozygous (Dd) to homozygous (DD and dd) offspring would you expect to find? 1:1 ratio of heterozygous (Dd) to homozygous (DD and dd). Gizmo Warm-up Many factors—immigration, natural selection, hunting, and so forth—can influence the composition of a population. To determine if one of these factors is affecting a population, it is useful to know what a population looks like when none of these factors is present. In 1908, Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg independently discovered the laws that govern such populations. These laws can be explored in the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Gizmo™. 1. The parrots you see on the SIMULATION pane represent a larger population of 500 parrots. Select the TABLE tab. How many parrots of each genotype are in the initial population? DD: 250 parrots Dd: 100 parrots dd: 150 parrots 2. Return to the DESCRIPTION tab. Click Begin, and then click Breed. What happens? The birds reproduce, making eggs. 3. Click Hatch, and look on the TABLE tab. What are the parrot populations now? DD: 178 Dd: 248 dd: 78 This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:32 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH GIZMOS Student Exploration Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Activity A: Alleles and genotypes Get the Gizmo ready: • On the DESCRIPTION tab, click Reset. • Check that DD is 50% and dd is 30%. Question: How will the proportion of genotypes and alleles change over time when mating is random and no natural selection is occurring? 1. Predict: How do you expect the proportions of D and d alleles to change over time? I expect there to be a change from homozygous making the overall population of the heterozygous parrots increase (Dd). 2. Gather data: Run a generation in the Gizmo. After clicking Hatch, fill in the allele and genotype percentages for generation 1. Repeat this process for 5 generations. Initial values Generation 1 2 3 4 5 % D alleles 60 59 59.3 57.5 59.1 59.7 % d alleles 40 41 40.7 42.5 40.9 40.3 % of DD genotype 50 35.6 36.6 33.6 35.2 35.6 % of Dd genotype 20 46.8 45.4 47.8 47.8 48.2 % of dd genotype 30 17.6 18.0 18.6 17.0 16.2 3. Analyze: What patterns do you see in your data? The pattern is a decrease in the percentage of D alleles, an overall increase in the percentage of d alleles, major decrease in the percentage of the DD genotype, major increase in the percentage of the Dd genotype, decrease in the percentage of the dd genotype. 4. Interpret: Select the ALLELE GRAPH tab. What does this graph show? This graph shows the allele percentage throughout each of the generations, showing both the percentage of D alleles and d alleles expressed in two different colors. 5. Interpret: Select the GENOTYPE GRAPH tab. What does this graph show? The genotype graph shows the genotype percentage, giving all three types of possible genotypes DD genotypes, Dd genotypes, and dd genotypes. (Activity A continued on next page) This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:32 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH Activity A (continued from previous page) 6. Gather data: On the DESCRIPTION tab, click Reset. generations. Record the allele and genotype percentages for each generation in the table below. Initial values Generation 1 2 3 4 5 % D alleles 85.7 84.6 83.9 82.8 83.9 85.3 % d alleles 14.3 15.4 16.1 17.2 16.1 14.7 % of DD genotype 84.0 71.8 70.2 69.2 70.0 73.2 % of Dd genotype 0.0 25.6 27.4 27.2 27.8 24.2 % of dd genotype 16.0 2.6 2.4 3.6 2.2 2.6 7. Analyze: Do the patterns you noticed in the first experiment appear in the second? Explain. Yes the patterns does appear in the second one, there is are increases and increases after every generation. 8. Draw conclusions: The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that the proportions of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain stable as long as the following criteria are satisfied: • Mating is random. • There is no immigration or emigration. • No natural or artificial selection is occurring. • There is no mutation. • The population is relatively large. How well does the Hardy-Weinberg principle describe this population of parrots? The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes this population pretty well, these are the topics in which the parrots fall in: mating is random, there is no immigration or emigration, there is no mutation, and the population is large. 9. Think and discuss: Would you say that this parrot population is evolving? Explain. Yes, because there are changes in the alleles for heterozygous Dd, being an increase throughout time, although, there are random decreases at certain points This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:32 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH Activity B: Genotype ratios Get the Gizmo ready: • Click Reset. • Set DD to 30% and dd to 70%. Question: How do genotype percentages relate to allele percentages? 1. Calculate: You can use the laws of probability to predict how many DD, Dd, and dd offspring will result from this parent population. A. What is the current percentage of D alleles in the population? 30.0% B. What is the current percentage of d alleles in the population? 70.0% C. What is the probability of inheriting a D allele from a parent? (Hint: Convert the percentage of D alleles to a decimal.) 0.3 Call this value p. D. What is the probability of inheriting a d allele? 0.7 Call this value q. 2. Explain: If a trait is determined by two alleles, the sum of p and q is 1. Why is this true? Summing up both values for p and q gives the 100 percent which in this case is equivalent to 1, as the 2 decimals add up to it. 3. Calculate: Fill in the current p and q values next to the D and d alleles around the Punnett square at right. Then calculate the probability of each offspring genotype. Write these values into the individual squares. For example, the upper left box in the square represents the probability of a DD offspring. The probability of inheriting a D allele from each parent is p, so the probability of DD is p 2 . What is the sum of the probabilities in the four squares? p2 +2pq+q2 4. Manipulate: Now determine an algebraic expression for the probability of each genotype in terms of p (the probability of inheriting D) and q (the probability of inheriting d). Use the Punnett square above as a guide. A. In terms of p and q, what is the probability of a DD offspring? ¼(pq) B. In terms of p and q, what is the probability of a dd offspring? ¼(pq) C. In terms of p and q, what is the probability of a Dd offspring? ½(pq) (Activity B continued on next page) This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :49:32 GMT -05:00 This study resource was shared via CourseH Activity B (continued from previous page) 5. Calculate: The Hardy-Weinberg equation states that the sum of the probabilities of each genotype is equal to 1: probability of DD + probability of Dd + probability of dd = 1 p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 Why is the probability of Dd equal to 2pq? The probability of Dd is equal to 2pq since it has a probability of 50%, it appears twice in the Punnett square, one Dd is pq, but adding up both makes it 2pq. 6. Predict: Check that DD is still set to 30% and dd is still set to 70%. With p = 0.3 and q = 0.7, what are the predicted percentages of DD, Dd, and dd offspring? Predicted percentages: DD 10% Dd 40% dd 50% 7. Test: Click Begin, Breed, and Hatch. What are the resulting genotype percentages? Actual percentages: DD 9.2% Dd 41.6% dd 49.2% How close are these to the predicted values? They were very close the predicted values. 8. Apply: For a dominant/recessive gene, it is often difficult to determine the percentages of dominant and recessive alleles in a population because individuals that express the dominant trait may be either homozygous (DD) or heterozygous (Dd). The only thing that is known for certain is the percentage of individuals that are homozygous recessive (dd). A. Suppose that 16% of a population is homozygous recessive (dd). According to the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what is the value of q 2 ? The value of q2 is 25%. B. If you know q 2 , you can calculate q. What is the value of q? 5 C. Recall that p + q is equal to 1. What is the value of p? 0.4 D. Based on the values of p and q, calculate the percentages of the DD and Dd g