HUMAN REPRODUCTION
PAPER 1
Two types: asexual (genetically identical) & sexual (involves fusion of gametes and
genetic variation)
PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS:
o In females: development of the ovary and uterus
o In males: development of the penis and testis
HORMONAL CHANGES DURING PUBERTY:
o PUBERTY period of a person’s growth when the sex organs develop and
start to produce gametes
o Sexual maturity is reached
o Begins with a GROWTH SPURT controlled growth controlled by GROWTH
HORMONE
o Growth hormone secreted by ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND
o GONADOTROPHINS group of hormone secreted by the pituitary gland
MALES: FSH & ICSH (LH)
FEMALES: FSH & LH
o These GONADOTROPHINS tell the gonads (ovaries/testes) to produce
TESTOSTERONE (males) and OESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE (females)
o TESTOSTERONE and OESTROGEN are responsible for secondary sexual
characteristics
o TESTOSTERONE responsible for development and maintenance of
secondary sexual characteristics in men
HORMONES IN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
o Pituitary gland secretes FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and ICSH
(interstitial cell stimulating hormone)
o FSH: stimulates sperm development in seminiferous tubules
o ICSH: stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone Testosterone:
o Targets the whole body
o Gonadotrophins tell
Growth hormone: PITUITARY GLAND gonads (i.e.: testes) to
o Targets the whole body produce testosterone
o Effects rapid growth in o Effects secondary sexual
height characteristics:
Growth Voice deepens
FSH hormone LHSex organs develop
Muscles develop
Body hair grows
Targets: seminiferous Targets: interstitial cells in
tubules in testes testes
Effect: production of sperm Effect: production of
testosterone
PATHWAY OF SPERM FROM PRODUCTION UNTIL IT’S EXPELLED
, Testis epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicle prostate gland
Cowper’s gland urethra
FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURES IN MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Testis Produces sperm and secretes
testosterone
Housed outside the male’s body to
regulate temperature.
Epididymis Immature sperm stored to mature
Vas deferens Smooth muscle walls contracts to
propel sperm to the urethra
Seminal vesicle Secretes alkaline and nutrient rich
fluid (fructose) gets added to
sperm helps with motility
Prostate gland Adds alkaline secretions (contain
enzymes) which help activate sperm
Cowper’s gland Adds lubricant (mucus/alkaline) to
neutralize acidity of urethra
Urethra Duct for urine and semen
Ejaculatory duct Formed by joining of the Vas Deferens
and duct from seminal vesicle through
prostate gland
SPERMATOGENSIS
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
PAPER 1
Two types: asexual (genetically identical) & sexual (involves fusion of gametes and
genetic variation)
PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS:
o In females: development of the ovary and uterus
o In males: development of the penis and testis
HORMONAL CHANGES DURING PUBERTY:
o PUBERTY period of a person’s growth when the sex organs develop and
start to produce gametes
o Sexual maturity is reached
o Begins with a GROWTH SPURT controlled growth controlled by GROWTH
HORMONE
o Growth hormone secreted by ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY GLAND
o GONADOTROPHINS group of hormone secreted by the pituitary gland
MALES: FSH & ICSH (LH)
FEMALES: FSH & LH
o These GONADOTROPHINS tell the gonads (ovaries/testes) to produce
TESTOSTERONE (males) and OESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE (females)
o TESTOSTERONE and OESTROGEN are responsible for secondary sexual
characteristics
o TESTOSTERONE responsible for development and maintenance of
secondary sexual characteristics in men
HORMONES IN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
o Pituitary gland secretes FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and ICSH
(interstitial cell stimulating hormone)
o FSH: stimulates sperm development in seminiferous tubules
o ICSH: stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone Testosterone:
o Targets the whole body
o Gonadotrophins tell
Growth hormone: PITUITARY GLAND gonads (i.e.: testes) to
o Targets the whole body produce testosterone
o Effects rapid growth in o Effects secondary sexual
height characteristics:
Growth Voice deepens
FSH hormone LHSex organs develop
Muscles develop
Body hair grows
Targets: seminiferous Targets: interstitial cells in
tubules in testes testes
Effect: production of sperm Effect: production of
testosterone
PATHWAY OF SPERM FROM PRODUCTION UNTIL IT’S EXPELLED
, Testis epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicle prostate gland
Cowper’s gland urethra
FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURES IN MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Testis Produces sperm and secretes
testosterone
Housed outside the male’s body to
regulate temperature.
Epididymis Immature sperm stored to mature
Vas deferens Smooth muscle walls contracts to
propel sperm to the urethra
Seminal vesicle Secretes alkaline and nutrient rich
fluid (fructose) gets added to
sperm helps with motility
Prostate gland Adds alkaline secretions (contain
enzymes) which help activate sperm
Cowper’s gland Adds lubricant (mucus/alkaline) to
neutralize acidity of urethra
Urethra Duct for urine and semen
Ejaculatory duct Formed by joining of the Vas Deferens
and duct from seminal vesicle through
prostate gland
SPERMATOGENSIS
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
