Introduction ..................................................................................................... 12
1. Reflections on criminology and its theories ............................................... 12
2. Wat is een “theory”? ................................................................................. 13
2.1 Definitie ............................................................................................... 13
2.2 Waarom zijn criminologen geïnteresseerd in theorieën? ..................... 13
3. Cohen’s short but enlightening summary .................................................. 14
4. Wat is huidige status van criminologie? .................................................... 17
4.1Dubbele verplichting ten aanzien van overheid en academische wereld
leidt tot spanningen ................................................................................... 20
4.2 Risicos mbt tot verdere specialisering .................................................. 22
4.3 “Dialogic criminology” is oplossing ....................................................... 23
Les 2: Community Contexts and Collective Efficacy: Robert Sampson .............. 24
1. Robert J. Sampson: Biography ................................................................... 24
2. Great American City (2012) ....................................................................... 25
3. Community (C) and Crime ......................................................................... 26
4. Social disorganization (SD): sterktes en zwaktes ...................................... 26
5. Collective Efficacy (CE) .............................................................................. 27
5.1 Ecometrics............................................................................................ 28
5.2 CE werd getest in PHDCN ..................................................................... 29
5.3 Resultaten PHDCN ................................................................................ 29
6. Verder bewijs on CE .................................................................................. 30
6.1 De rijkweidte van CE ............................................................................ 32
7. Review....................................................................................................... 32
7.1 Hagan and Rymond-Richmond’s review ............................................... 32
7.2 Bursik’s review ..................................................................................... 33
7.3 Timberlake’s review ............................................................................. 33
7.4 Own assessment: ................................................................................. 33
8. Furthur discussion ..................................................................................... 34
1
,Les 3: The Situational Action Theory of Crime: P.O. Wikström ......................... 37
1. Per Olof Wikström ..................................................................................... 37
2. Situational Action Theory .......................................................................... 39
2.1 Belangrijke proposities en elementen van SAT ..................................... 40
2.2 Weinig causaal relevante factoren ....................................................... 41
2.3 Twee belangrijke situationele mechanismen ....................................... 42
2.4 Stappen in het perceptie-keuzeproces in veroorzaken van criminaliteit
................................................................................................................... 44
2.5 Situationele factoren ............................................................................ 44
2.6 Het situationele process en belangrijke situationele factoren ............. 46
2.7 Causes of the causes: Belangrijk ........................................................... 47
3. THE PETERBOROUGH ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT STUDY (PADS+) . 47
3.1 PADS+: Doel en methoden ................................................................... 47
3.2 PADS+ Design ....................................................................................... 48
3.3 Resultaten ............................................................................................ 49
4. Reviews ..................................................................................................... 52
4.1 Messner’s review ................................................................................. 52
4.2 Felson’s review ..................................................................................... 52
5. Further discussion ..................................................................................... 53
Les 4: Crime, Desistance and Agency across the Life-Course ............................ 57
1. John Laub .................................................................................................. 57
2. Onderzoek naar desistance vs beginnen pegen van criminaliteit .............. 58
2.1 Crime in the Making: Paden en keerpunten in het leven (1993)........... 58
2.2 Shared Beginnings and Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70
(2003)......................................................................................................... 59
A. Leeftijd en criminaliteit ....................................................................... 59
B. Mechanisme van desistance ............................................................... 59
2.3 Kritiek op groep gebaseerde typologieën ............................................. 60
2.4 New understanding of turning points in 2003 book ............................. 61
2
, 2.4.1 Nadruk op agency .......................................................................... 61
2.4.2 Implicaties voor ontwikkelings (life-course?) criminologie ............. 62
2.5 Kritiek van de sociale wetenschappen theorie en criminaliteitsbeleid . 62
2.5.1 Chambliss’ review .......................................................................... 62
3. Further discussion ..................................................................................... 63
3.1 Policy implications ................................................................................ 63
3.2 Fitting and non-fitting cases ................................................................. 63
3.3 Changes from between book of 1993 to 2003 book (examenvraag) .... 63
3.4 Welke oudere theorieën worden er gebruikt? ..................................... 64
4. Question for debate .................................................................................. 65
Les 5: Cultural Criminology ............................................................................... 66
1. Biographies ............................................................................................... 66
1.1 Jeff Ferrell ............................................................................................ 66
1.2 Keith Hayward ...................................................................................... 67
1.3 Jock Young............................................................................................ 67
2. Cultural Criminology .................................................................................. 68
2.1 Defnitie van Ferrell .............................................................................. 68
2.2 Definitie van Hayward and Young ........................................................ 68
2.3 CCsts verzetten CC tegen mainstream criminology .............................. 69
2.4 Wat zijn de antecedenten van CC? ....................................................... 70
2.5 Relatie Realism en CC: “Square of crime” (Young, 1986) ...................... 70
2.6 Wat is cultureel in CC? ......................................................................... 71
2.7 Twee discours over cultuur .................................................................. 71
2.8 CCsts’ focus ligt op dyadische proces van culturele generatie .............. 72
2.9 Betekenis en emoties van criminaliteit................................................. 72
2.10 Media, representaties en betekenis ................................................... 73
A. Crime and transgression increasingly commodified ............................ 73
3. Review....................................................................................................... 74
3
, 3.1 CCsts als “zoo-keepers” van deviantie? ................................................ 74
3.2 O’Brien (2005): geen duidelijk over cultuur in CC ................................. 74
3.3 Hayward and Young reageren op kritiek .............................................. 75
3.4 Houding van CC .................................................................................... 75
3.5 CC: Reviewers’ Comments .................................................................... 75
4. Discussion ................................................................................................. 76
4.1 Tot welke standaard behoort CC? ........................................................ 76
4.2 Wat is nieuw in CC? .............................................................................. 76
4.3 Cultuur ................................................................................................. 77
5. Policy implications ..................................................................................... 77
Les 6: Harm as a Substitute for Crime?: Critical and Green Criminology........... 78
1. Biographical information ........................................................................... 78
1.1 Paddy Hillyard ...................................................................................... 78
1.2 Steve Tombs ......................................................................................... 79
2. Hillyard ad Tombs’s criticism and zemiological approach .......................... 80
2.1 Een ‘kritische’ kritiek op de criminologie .............................................. 80
2.2 In de richting van “zemiology”? ............................................................ 81
2.3 Zes argumenten voor een nieuwe discipline ........................................ 81
2.4 Criminology v. zemiology ..................................................................... 82
2.5 Muncie’s review ................................................................................... 82
3. Greenfield and Paoli’s ‘schade’ framework ............................................... 83
3.1 De centrale plaats van de schade in de criminaliteit ............................ 83
3.2 Schade is steeds belangrijker in de criminaliteitsbestrijding beleid ...... 83
3.3 Schade: Verwaarloosd concept in de criminologie ............................... 83
3.4 Twee pogingen om de schade van de criminaliteit te categoriseren .... 84
3.5 De uitdagingen zijn ontmoedigend....................................................... 84
3.6 Harm assessment framework ............................................................... 85
A. Construct business model: Business model fuels beoordelingsproces 85
4
1. Reflections on criminology and its theories ............................................... 12
2. Wat is een “theory”? ................................................................................. 13
2.1 Definitie ............................................................................................... 13
2.2 Waarom zijn criminologen geïnteresseerd in theorieën? ..................... 13
3. Cohen’s short but enlightening summary .................................................. 14
4. Wat is huidige status van criminologie? .................................................... 17
4.1Dubbele verplichting ten aanzien van overheid en academische wereld
leidt tot spanningen ................................................................................... 20
4.2 Risicos mbt tot verdere specialisering .................................................. 22
4.3 “Dialogic criminology” is oplossing ....................................................... 23
Les 2: Community Contexts and Collective Efficacy: Robert Sampson .............. 24
1. Robert J. Sampson: Biography ................................................................... 24
2. Great American City (2012) ....................................................................... 25
3. Community (C) and Crime ......................................................................... 26
4. Social disorganization (SD): sterktes en zwaktes ...................................... 26
5. Collective Efficacy (CE) .............................................................................. 27
5.1 Ecometrics............................................................................................ 28
5.2 CE werd getest in PHDCN ..................................................................... 29
5.3 Resultaten PHDCN ................................................................................ 29
6. Verder bewijs on CE .................................................................................. 30
6.1 De rijkweidte van CE ............................................................................ 32
7. Review....................................................................................................... 32
7.1 Hagan and Rymond-Richmond’s review ............................................... 32
7.2 Bursik’s review ..................................................................................... 33
7.3 Timberlake’s review ............................................................................. 33
7.4 Own assessment: ................................................................................. 33
8. Furthur discussion ..................................................................................... 34
1
,Les 3: The Situational Action Theory of Crime: P.O. Wikström ......................... 37
1. Per Olof Wikström ..................................................................................... 37
2. Situational Action Theory .......................................................................... 39
2.1 Belangrijke proposities en elementen van SAT ..................................... 40
2.2 Weinig causaal relevante factoren ....................................................... 41
2.3 Twee belangrijke situationele mechanismen ....................................... 42
2.4 Stappen in het perceptie-keuzeproces in veroorzaken van criminaliteit
................................................................................................................... 44
2.5 Situationele factoren ............................................................................ 44
2.6 Het situationele process en belangrijke situationele factoren ............. 46
2.7 Causes of the causes: Belangrijk ........................................................... 47
3. THE PETERBOROUGH ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT STUDY (PADS+) . 47
3.1 PADS+: Doel en methoden ................................................................... 47
3.2 PADS+ Design ....................................................................................... 48
3.3 Resultaten ............................................................................................ 49
4. Reviews ..................................................................................................... 52
4.1 Messner’s review ................................................................................. 52
4.2 Felson’s review ..................................................................................... 52
5. Further discussion ..................................................................................... 53
Les 4: Crime, Desistance and Agency across the Life-Course ............................ 57
1. John Laub .................................................................................................. 57
2. Onderzoek naar desistance vs beginnen pegen van criminaliteit .............. 58
2.1 Crime in the Making: Paden en keerpunten in het leven (1993)........... 58
2.2 Shared Beginnings and Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70
(2003)......................................................................................................... 59
A. Leeftijd en criminaliteit ....................................................................... 59
B. Mechanisme van desistance ............................................................... 59
2.3 Kritiek op groep gebaseerde typologieën ............................................. 60
2.4 New understanding of turning points in 2003 book ............................. 61
2
, 2.4.1 Nadruk op agency .......................................................................... 61
2.4.2 Implicaties voor ontwikkelings (life-course?) criminologie ............. 62
2.5 Kritiek van de sociale wetenschappen theorie en criminaliteitsbeleid . 62
2.5.1 Chambliss’ review .......................................................................... 62
3. Further discussion ..................................................................................... 63
3.1 Policy implications ................................................................................ 63
3.2 Fitting and non-fitting cases ................................................................. 63
3.3 Changes from between book of 1993 to 2003 book (examenvraag) .... 63
3.4 Welke oudere theorieën worden er gebruikt? ..................................... 64
4. Question for debate .................................................................................. 65
Les 5: Cultural Criminology ............................................................................... 66
1. Biographies ............................................................................................... 66
1.1 Jeff Ferrell ............................................................................................ 66
1.2 Keith Hayward ...................................................................................... 67
1.3 Jock Young............................................................................................ 67
2. Cultural Criminology .................................................................................. 68
2.1 Defnitie van Ferrell .............................................................................. 68
2.2 Definitie van Hayward and Young ........................................................ 68
2.3 CCsts verzetten CC tegen mainstream criminology .............................. 69
2.4 Wat zijn de antecedenten van CC? ....................................................... 70
2.5 Relatie Realism en CC: “Square of crime” (Young, 1986) ...................... 70
2.6 Wat is cultureel in CC? ......................................................................... 71
2.7 Twee discours over cultuur .................................................................. 71
2.8 CCsts’ focus ligt op dyadische proces van culturele generatie .............. 72
2.9 Betekenis en emoties van criminaliteit................................................. 72
2.10 Media, representaties en betekenis ................................................... 73
A. Crime and transgression increasingly commodified ............................ 73
3. Review....................................................................................................... 74
3
, 3.1 CCsts als “zoo-keepers” van deviantie? ................................................ 74
3.2 O’Brien (2005): geen duidelijk over cultuur in CC ................................. 74
3.3 Hayward and Young reageren op kritiek .............................................. 75
3.4 Houding van CC .................................................................................... 75
3.5 CC: Reviewers’ Comments .................................................................... 75
4. Discussion ................................................................................................. 76
4.1 Tot welke standaard behoort CC? ........................................................ 76
4.2 Wat is nieuw in CC? .............................................................................. 76
4.3 Cultuur ................................................................................................. 77
5. Policy implications ..................................................................................... 77
Les 6: Harm as a Substitute for Crime?: Critical and Green Criminology........... 78
1. Biographical information ........................................................................... 78
1.1 Paddy Hillyard ...................................................................................... 78
1.2 Steve Tombs ......................................................................................... 79
2. Hillyard ad Tombs’s criticism and zemiological approach .......................... 80
2.1 Een ‘kritische’ kritiek op de criminologie .............................................. 80
2.2 In de richting van “zemiology”? ............................................................ 81
2.3 Zes argumenten voor een nieuwe discipline ........................................ 81
2.4 Criminology v. zemiology ..................................................................... 82
2.5 Muncie’s review ................................................................................... 82
3. Greenfield and Paoli’s ‘schade’ framework ............................................... 83
3.1 De centrale plaats van de schade in de criminaliteit ............................ 83
3.2 Schade is steeds belangrijker in de criminaliteitsbestrijding beleid ...... 83
3.3 Schade: Verwaarloosd concept in de criminologie ............................... 83
3.4 Twee pogingen om de schade van de criminaliteit te categoriseren .... 84
3.5 De uitdagingen zijn ontmoedigend....................................................... 84
3.6 Harm assessment framework ............................................................... 85
A. Construct business model: Business model fuels beoordelingsproces 85
4
