EMT Study Guide Module 2 - Real Exam Solutions

EMT Study Guide Module 2 - Real Exam Solutions wheezing - answer - High-pitched, musical, whistling Constriction of bronchioles May Indicate the following: Asthma COPD Rales/Crackles - answer - Bubbly or crackling sounds Associated with fluid around and in the alveoli Under what SPO2 do we provide O2? - answer - Less than 94% Possible cause of false SPO2 readings - answer - Patient movement Hypotension Hypothermia/vasoconstriction Nail polish General Treatment of Respiratory Distress - answer - Support ABC's Give Albuterol if needed Give Supplemental Oxygen! COPD: Emphysema: Pathophysiology - answer - Often caused by smoking Destruction of alveolar walls (disrupts gas exchange leading to hypoxia) Loss of elasticity for lung tissue which traps air (barrel chest appearance) Difficulty exhaling (becomes active) Retained co2 (Hypoxic Drive Occurs) COPD Emphysema Assessment - answer - Thin, barrel-chest appearance Coughing, nonproductive Prolonged exhalation Diminished breath sounds Wheezing and rhonchi Pursed-lip breathing (Helps alveoli keep more open) Pink complexion(Body creates extra RBC to compensate for alveoli distortion) COPD: Chronic Bronchitis: Pathophysiology - answer - Inflammation, swelling, and thickening of the bronchi and bronchioles Blocks airflow to the alveoli which can lead to hypoxia Excessive mucous production COPD: Chronic Bronchitis Assessment - answer - Typically overweight Chronic cyanotic complexion Difficulty in breathing Productive chronic cough Mucus build causes sputum Coarse rhonchi Wheezes and crackles COPD Treatment - answer - Support Airway, give supplemental O2, CPAP if not in failure. Albuterol if wheezing is present Asthma - answer - Bronchospasm, edema, mucus in the lower airways Reversible Acute, irregular, periodic attacks Has Two Types: Intrinsic and Allergic/Extrinsic Intrinsic Asthma - answer - exercise, stress, infection (most common in adults) Allergic/Extrinsic Asthma - answer - reaction to dust, pollen, smoke (most common in kids) Status Asthmaticus - answer - Prolonged life-threatening attack producing inadequate breathing Need immediate transport to hospital Asthma Treatment - answer - albuterol Pneumonia Pathophysiology - answer - Common disease of the elderly and those with suppressed immune systems Effects gas exchange at alveoli because of pus filled alveoli. Acute infectious disease Caused by bacteria or virus Pneumonia Assessment - answer - Fever Cough - typically productive/thick/green History of illness Crackles & rhonchi on one side Malaise (Weakness) Decreased appetite Pulmonary Embolism Pathophysiology - answer - Obstruction of blood flow through a pulmonary artery Caused by - A blood clot - Air bubble - Fat particle Severity depends on location and size of embolism Pulmonary Embolism Assessment - answer - Sudden onset of - Dyspnea - Respiratory distress - Stabbing chest pain Cough (may cough up blood) May have localized crackles Three most common are Chest Pain, SOB, and Tachypnea Pulmonary Embolism Treatment - answer - High Flow O2 pt may be ventilating at a high rate to compensate. If you have to ventilate, ventilate at the same rate that they were breathing at cardiogenic pulmonary edema - answer - inadequate pumping function of the Heart Increases pressure in the pulmonary capillaries, which causes fluid to leak into the space. noncardiogenic pulmonary edema - answer - Acute respiratory distress syndrome or ARDS Destruction of the capillary bed that allows fluid to leak out. Causes - pneumonia, aspiration of vomitus, narcotic overdose, inhalation of smoke or toxins S/S of of pulmonary edema - answer - Tripod position Crackles Cyanosis Pale skin Swollen lower extremities Cough- frothy, pink Difficulty breathing while lying flat (orthopnea) Pulmonary edema treatment - answer - Manage pt airway Provide CPAP to push fluid out of alveoli Keep in upright sitting position spontaneous pneumothorax pathophys. - answer - Sudden rupture of the visce