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Summary Computer Architecture (INFONW)

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Summary of all the subjects discussed in the first part of the Computer Architecture and Networks course (i.e. the Computer Architecture part). Based on the lectures and the book used in the course (ISBN: 9781848214293).

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Computerarchitecture‌ ‌

Digital‌‌Arithmetics‌ 1‌ ‌

CPU‌ 3‌ ‌
Processor‌ 3‌ ‌
Control‌‌Unit‌ 3‌ ‌
Processing‌‌Unit‌ 4‌ ‌
Instruction‌‌Flow‌ 5‌ ‌
Memory‌ 7‌ ‌
Segmentation‌ 10‌ ‌
Paging‌ 10‌ ‌
Memory‌‌Access‌‌Performance‌ 11‌ ‌
Cache‌ 12‌ ‌

Operating‌‌Systems‌ 13‌ ‌
File‌‌Management‌ 14‌ ‌
File‌‌Corruption‌ 15‌ ‌
Memory‌‌Management‌ 16‌ ‌
Process‌‌Management‌ 17‌ ‌
Process‌‌Creation‌ 17‌ ‌
Multi-program‌‌Execution‌ 18‌ ‌
Process‌‌Scheduling‌ 20‌ ‌
Process‌‌States‌ 21‌ ‌
Inter-process‌‌Communication‌ 21‌ ‌
Device‌‌Management‌ 22‌ ‌








,Digital‌‌Arithmetics‌ ‌
Components‌‌of‌‌the‌‌number:‌‌-50‌ ‌
- Sign:‌‌negative‌‌or‌‌positive‌ ‌
- Digit:‌‌single‌‌‘unit’‌‌of‌‌a‌‌number‌‌(‘-’,‌‌‘5’,‌‌‘0’)‌ ‌
- Symbol:‌‌expression‌‌of‌‌a‌‌digit‌‌(i.e.‌‌the‌‌number‌‌5)‌ ‌
- Symbol‌‌size:‌‌how‌‌many‌‌expressions‌‌a‌‌digit‌‌can‌‌have‌‌(base-10)‌ ‌

Self-information‌‌ ‌How‌‌much‌‌information‌‌each‌‌symbol‌‌carries‌ ‌
Entropy‌‌ ‌How‌‌distinct‌‌each‌‌symbol‌‌is‌ ‌

Base-2‌‌has‌‌high‌‌entropy‌‌(0.5),‌‌but‌‌low‌‌self-information,‌‌base-10‌‌has‌‌low‌‌entropy‌‌(0.1),‌‌yet‌‌high‌‌
self-information.‌‌The‌‌higher‌‌the‌‌entropy,‌‌the‌‌more‌‌costly‌‌to‌‌transmit‌‌the‌‌number‌‌(more‌‌bits)‌ ‌

Binary‌‌→‌‌Decimal‌ ‌ Decimal‌‌→‌‌Binary‌ ‌

1101‌2‌‌ ‌=‌‌1‌‌x‌‌20‌
‌ ‌ ‌+‌‌0‌‌x‌‌21‌
‌ ‌ ‌+‌‌1‌‌x‌‌22‌
‌ ‌ ‌+‌‌1‌‌x‌‌23‌
‌ ‌ ‌=‌‌13‌10‌ ‌ 4‌‌/‌‌2‌‌=‌‌2‌ R‌ ‌‌0‌ ‌
2‌‌/‌‌2‌‌=‌‌1‌ ‌R‌‌0‌ ‌
‌ 1‌‌/‌‌2‌‌=‌‌0‌ ‌R‌‌1‌‌(MSB)‌ ‌→‌ ‌410‌
‌ ‌ ‌=‌‌100‌2‌ ‌

Decimal‌‌→‌‌Hexadecimal‌ ‌ ‌

177‌‌/‌‌16‌‌=‌‌11‌‌R‌‌1‌ ‌→‌‌1‌ ‌ Hexadecimal‌‌→‌‌Decimal‌ ‌
11‌‌/‌‌16‌‌=‌‌0‌ ‌R‌‌11‌‌→‌‌B‌ ‌
→‌‌177‌10‌‌ ‌=‌‌B1‌16‌ ‌ F5‌16‌‌ ‌=‌‌5‌‌x‌‌16‌0‌‌ ‌+‌‌15‌‌x‌‌16‌1‌‌ ‌=‌‌245‌10‌ ‌

‌ ‌

Binary‌‌→‌‌Hexadecimal‌ ‌ Hexadecimal‌‌→‌‌Binary‌ ‌

1011‌‌0110‌2‌‌ ‌→‌‌1011‌‌|‌‌0110‌‌=‌‌B‌‌|‌‌6‌‌→‌‌B6‌16‌ ‌ D7‌16‌‌ ‌→‌ ‌D‌‌|‌‌7‌‌=‌‌1101‌‌|‌‌0111‌‌→‌‌1101‌‌0111‌2‌ ‌

Representation‌‌of‌‌integers:‌ ‌
Signed‌‌(sign‌‌for‌‌-‌‌or‌‌+)‌ ‌ One’s‌‌complement‌‌(bit-flip)‌ ‌ Two’s‌‌complement‌‌(bit-flip+1)‌ ‌
+ Easy‌‌computation‌ ‌ + Easy‌‌computation‌ ‌ + Arithmetics‌‌correct‌‌
+ Easy‌‌conversion‌‌to‌‌ + Easy‌‌conversion‌‌to‌‌ (like‌‌unsigned)‌ ‌
wider‌‌byte‌‌formats‌ ‌ wider‌‌byte‌‌formats‌ ‌ + Easy‌‌conversion‌‌to‌‌
- Shrinks‌‌range‌ ‌ + Very‌‌fast‌‌computation‌ ‌ wider‌‌byte‌‌formats‌ ‌
- Arithmetics‌‌incorrect‌ ‌ - Arithmetics‌‌incorrect‌ ‌ + Unambiguous‌‌(single‌‌
- Double‌‌0,‌‌+0‌‌and‌‌-0‌ ‌ - Not‌‌handle‌‌overflows‌ ‌ symbol‌‌for‌‌0)‌ ‌
- More‌‌complex‌‌calc‌‌of‌‌
actual‌‌number‌ ‌
Logical‌‌operations:‌ ‌
- NOT:‌‌inverse‌‌of‌‌a‌‌bit‌‌(1‌‌→‌‌0,‌‌0‌‌→‌‌1)‌ ‌
- AND:‌‌is‌‌1‌‌if‌‌both‌‌are‌‌1‌ ‌
- NAND:‌‌is‌‌0‌‌if‌‌both‌‌are‌‌1‌ ‌
- OR:‌‌is‌‌1‌‌if‌‌one‌‌or‌‌both‌‌are‌‌1‌ ‌


1‌ ‌

, - NOR:‌‌is‌‌0‌‌if‌‌one‌‌or‌‌both‌‌are‌‌1‌ ‌
- XOR:‌‌is‌‌1‌‌if‌‌only‌‌one‌‌is‌‌1‌ ‌

Floating‌‌point‌‌fractional‌‌makes‌‌the‌‌placement‌‌of‌‌the‌‌period‌‌variable.‌‌Converting‌‌-93.328125‌‌to‌‌
IEEE‌‌754‌‌would‌‌look‌‌like‌‌this:‌ ‌
1. Sign‌‌=‌‌1‌ ‌
2. Convert‌‌to‌‌binary‌‌→‌‌X‌‌=‌‌0101‌‌1101‌‌.‌‌0101‌‌0100‌ ‌
3. Shift‌‌X‌‌so‌‌that‌‌the‌‌MSB‌‌equals‌‌1‌‌→‌‌X‌‌=‌‌1.01‌‌1101‌‌0101‌‌0100‌ ‌
4. Determine‌‌the‌‌exponent:‌‌how‌‌many‌‌positions‌‌did‌‌you‌‌move‌‌the‌‌period?‌ ‌
a. E‌‌=‌‌6‌‌(positions‌‌to‌‌the‌‌left)‌ ‌
b. Add‌‌127.‌‌E=‌‌127+6‌‌=‌‌133‌ ‌
c. Convert‌‌this‌‌to‌‌binary‌‌→‌‌133‌‌=‌‌10000101‌ ‌
5. 32-bit‌‌floating‌‌point‌‌number‌‌=‌‌sign‌‌|‌‌8-bit‌‌exponent‌‌|‌‌23-bit‌‌mantissa‌‌→‌ ‌
1‌‌|‌‌100‌‌0010‌‌1‌‌|‌‌011‌‌1010‌‌1010‌‌1000‌‌0000‌‌0000‌ ‌






2‌ ‌

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