Summary Grade 12 Organic Chemistry: Naming, Rules and Examples

Organic Chemistry
Grade 12

, Homologous series Examples 1 → 9
Functional Group Suffix Properties Weak to strong
General Formula Structural formula, Condensed formula, Name IMF

1
Single bonds Single bonds
1. Alkanes H H H CH3CH2CH3
| | | | | Polarity: Non polar
—C — C— —ane H— C
3 — C2 — C1 —H
| | | | | IMF: London
CnH2n+2 H H H Propane
2
2. Alkenes Double bonds H H Double bonds CH3 CHCH3 or CH3CHCH3
H | |
Polarity: Non polar
C—C -ene C3 C2 — C1 —H
IMF: London




|
H |
CnH2n H Propene
3
CH3 CH or CH3CCH or
3. Alkynes Triple bonds H Triple bonds
| CHCCH3 Polarity: Non polar
—C—C— -yne H— C
3 — C2 — C1 —H




||
||| | IMF: London
CnH2n-2 H Propyne
4
4. Haloalkane/Alkyn X is equal to
H Cℓ H
Cℓ, Br, I or F Ends with - | | | CH3CHCℓCH3
Halide |
Chloro- Polarity: Polar
X— C— ane, -ene or - H— C 3 — C — C1 —H
2

| Bromo- | | | IMF: Dipole-Dipole
CnH2n+1 + X Iodo yne H H H 2-Chloropropane
Fluoro-

After number 5 each 8 H Hydroxyl
I
5. Alcohol gets an -an- in the Hydroxyl H H O CH3CH2CH2OH
name | | | I Polarity: Polar
— C — O—H -ol H— C
3 — C2 — C1 —H
| | | | IMF: Strong Hydrogen bonds
H H H
CnH2n+2 + O Propan-1-ol
5
Formyl
O H H O
6. Aldehydes || | | || CH3CH2CHO
Formyl Polarity: Polar
—C —H -al H— C
3 —C— C —H
Functional Isomers




2 1
| | IMF: Dipole-Dipole
CnH2n + O H H Propanal
6
O H O H
7. Ketone || Carbonyl | || | Carbonyl CH3COCH3
Polarity: Polar
—C— -one H— C
3 — C2 — C1 —H
| | IMF: Dipole-Dipole
CnH2n + O H H Propan-2-one or Propanone
9 Carboxyl
8. Carboxylic Acids O H H O Carboxyl CH3CH2COOH
|| | | || Polarity: Polar
— C —O —H -ioc acid H— C
3 — C2 — C1 —O —H
Isomers
Functional Isomers




| | IMF: Strong Hydrogen bonds
CnH2n + O2 H H Propanoinic acid
Functional




7
Carbonyl Carbonyl
9. Esters O H H O H H CH3CH2COOCH2CH3
|| | | || | | Polarity: Polar
—C — O— -yle -oate H— C — C —
3 2 C — O — C — C —H
1 1 2

(Alch.) (Carbox.) | | | | IMF: Dipole-Dipole
CnH2n + O2 H H H H Ethyl propanoate
Prop Etyl