DEP 2004 Human Development Across the Lifespan Midterm
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Section A: Midterm – Foundations, Theories & Research Methods
(Q1–Q10)
Q1: In the nature–nurture debate, the term "nature" refers to which influence on
development?
A. Learning and experience
B. Heredity and biological endowment [CORRECT]
C. Cultural expectations
D. Parenting style
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nature refers to inborn biological influences such as genes and maturation.
Learning, culture, and parenting are environmental (nurture) influences.
Q2: A researcher observes that a child's vocabulary grows gradually, word by word, with
no sudden reorganizations. Which developmental concept does this illustrate?
A. Continuity [CORRECT]
B. Discontinuity
C. Universality
D. Plasticity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Continuity describes gradual, cumulative change, while discontinuity (stages)
describes abrupt qualitative shifts. Plasticity refers to changeability, and universality to
patterns shared across people.
Q3: A researcher measures the same group of children's cognitive abilities at ages 4, 6,
and 8 to track individual change over time. Which research design is this?
A. Cross-sectional
B. Cross-sequential
C. Longitudinal [CORRECT]
D. Experimental
,Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A longitudinal design follows the same participants repeatedly across time. A
cross-sectional design compares different age groups at one point, and a
cross-sequential design combines both approaches.
Q4: A mother consistently responds to her infant's cries with warmth and reliable
feeding. According to Erikson, this caregiving helps the infant resolve which crisis
successfully?
A. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B. Initiative vs. guilt
C. Identity vs. role confusion
D. Trust vs. mistrust [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Consistent, responsive caregiving in infancy resolves the trust vs. mistrust
crisis. Autonomy belongs to toddlerhood, initiative to early childhood, and identity to
adolescence.
Q5: During which of Freud's psychosexual stages does the Oedipus complex occur?
A. Anal stage
B. Phallic stage [CORRECT]
C. Latency stage
D. Oral stage
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The phallic stage (ages 3–6) centers on the genitals and includes the
Oedipus complex. The oral stage is infancy, anal stage is toddlerhood, and latency is
middle childhood.
Q6: A toddler who has learned the word "doggy" begins calling all four-legged animals,
including cats and cows, "doggy." According to Piaget, this is an example of:
A. Assimilation [CORRECT]
B. Accommodation
C. Equilibration
D. Conservation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Assimilation is fitting new experiences into existing mental structures
(schemes). Accommodation would be modifying the scheme after learning cats are not
dogs, and conservation is a concrete operational concept.
,Q7: A teacher gives a child progressively fewer hints until the child solves a puzzle that
she could not solve alone. According to Vygotsky, the teacher is working within the
child's:
A. Concrete operations
B. Scheme of object permanence
C. Zone of proximal development [CORRECT]
D. Id
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The zone of proximal development is the range of tasks a child can perform
with guidance but not yet alone. Scaffolding is the support used within that zone, and
the other options belong to Piaget or Freud.
Q8: A child's development is affected when his mother's employer mandates mandatory
overtime, reducing family time. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the
workplace represents which system?
A. Microsystem
B. Mesosystem
C. Macrosystem
D. Exosystem [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The exosystem consists of settings that influence the child indirectly without
containing the child, such as a parent's workplace. The microsystem contains the child
directly, the mesosystem links microsystems, and the macrosystem is the broader
culture.
Q9: A researcher plans a study involving 8-year-old participants. Which ethical
requirement applies?
A. Children's assent is sufficient without adult permission
B. Parental consent plus the child's own assent must both be obtained [CORRECT]
C. Consent may be assumed if the study is harmless
D. Only the school principal's approval is needed
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Research with minors requires both parental/guardian consent and the child's
developmentally appropriate assent. Assent alone, assumed consent, or administrative
approval alone violate ethical standards for protecting vulnerable participants.
Q10: After watching a video of an adult hitting an inflatable doll, a preschooler imitates
the hitting behavior. Which theorist's work does this best illustrate?
A. Bandura's social learning theory [CORRECT]
B. Piaget's cognitive theory
, C. Erikson's psychosocial theory
D. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bandura's Bobo doll studies demonstrated observational learning—children
imitate models they observe. The other theorists did not emphasize imitation of
aggressive models as the mechanism of learning.
Section B: Midterm – Heredity, Prenatal Development & Birth (Q11–Q20)
Q11: Which term refers to the observable characteristics resulting from the interaction
of genes and environment?
A. Genotype
B. Genome
C. Phenotype [CORRECT]
D. Karyotype
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The phenotype is the actually expressed, observable trait, whereas the
genotype is the underlying genetic makeup. The genome is the full set of genes, and a
karyotype is a photograph of chromosomes.
Q12: Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder. If both parents are carriers (Cc), what is the
chance that a child will inherit the disorder?
A. 0%
B. 50%
C. 100%
D. 25% [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Two carriers produce a 25% chance (cc) of an affected child, a 50% chance of
carrier status, and a 25% chance of being unaffected. The 50% figure describes carrier
probability, not affected status.
Q13: A 39-year-old pregnant woman asks why her provider recommends testing for
chromosomal abnormalities. What is the best explanation?
A. Paternal age is the strongest factor for Down syndrome
B. The risk of Down syndrome (trisomy 21) rises significantly with increasing maternal
age [CORRECT]
C. Down syndrome is caused by prenatal nutrition
& Final Exam Bundle Keiser University Actual Exam
2026/2027 – Complete Assessment with Detailed Rationales |
100% Verified | Pass Guaranteed – A+ Graded
Section A: Midterm – Foundations, Theories & Research Methods
(Q1–Q10)
Q1: In the nature–nurture debate, the term "nature" refers to which influence on
development?
A. Learning and experience
B. Heredity and biological endowment [CORRECT]
C. Cultural expectations
D. Parenting style
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nature refers to inborn biological influences such as genes and maturation.
Learning, culture, and parenting are environmental (nurture) influences.
Q2: A researcher observes that a child's vocabulary grows gradually, word by word, with
no sudden reorganizations. Which developmental concept does this illustrate?
A. Continuity [CORRECT]
B. Discontinuity
C. Universality
D. Plasticity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Continuity describes gradual, cumulative change, while discontinuity (stages)
describes abrupt qualitative shifts. Plasticity refers to changeability, and universality to
patterns shared across people.
Q3: A researcher measures the same group of children's cognitive abilities at ages 4, 6,
and 8 to track individual change over time. Which research design is this?
A. Cross-sectional
B. Cross-sequential
C. Longitudinal [CORRECT]
D. Experimental
,Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A longitudinal design follows the same participants repeatedly across time. A
cross-sectional design compares different age groups at one point, and a
cross-sequential design combines both approaches.
Q4: A mother consistently responds to her infant's cries with warmth and reliable
feeding. According to Erikson, this caregiving helps the infant resolve which crisis
successfully?
A. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B. Initiative vs. guilt
C. Identity vs. role confusion
D. Trust vs. mistrust [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Consistent, responsive caregiving in infancy resolves the trust vs. mistrust
crisis. Autonomy belongs to toddlerhood, initiative to early childhood, and identity to
adolescence.
Q5: During which of Freud's psychosexual stages does the Oedipus complex occur?
A. Anal stage
B. Phallic stage [CORRECT]
C. Latency stage
D. Oral stage
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The phallic stage (ages 3–6) centers on the genitals and includes the
Oedipus complex. The oral stage is infancy, anal stage is toddlerhood, and latency is
middle childhood.
Q6: A toddler who has learned the word "doggy" begins calling all four-legged animals,
including cats and cows, "doggy." According to Piaget, this is an example of:
A. Assimilation [CORRECT]
B. Accommodation
C. Equilibration
D. Conservation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Assimilation is fitting new experiences into existing mental structures
(schemes). Accommodation would be modifying the scheme after learning cats are not
dogs, and conservation is a concrete operational concept.
,Q7: A teacher gives a child progressively fewer hints until the child solves a puzzle that
she could not solve alone. According to Vygotsky, the teacher is working within the
child's:
A. Concrete operations
B. Scheme of object permanence
C. Zone of proximal development [CORRECT]
D. Id
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The zone of proximal development is the range of tasks a child can perform
with guidance but not yet alone. Scaffolding is the support used within that zone, and
the other options belong to Piaget or Freud.
Q8: A child's development is affected when his mother's employer mandates mandatory
overtime, reducing family time. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the
workplace represents which system?
A. Microsystem
B. Mesosystem
C. Macrosystem
D. Exosystem [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The exosystem consists of settings that influence the child indirectly without
containing the child, such as a parent's workplace. The microsystem contains the child
directly, the mesosystem links microsystems, and the macrosystem is the broader
culture.
Q9: A researcher plans a study involving 8-year-old participants. Which ethical
requirement applies?
A. Children's assent is sufficient without adult permission
B. Parental consent plus the child's own assent must both be obtained [CORRECT]
C. Consent may be assumed if the study is harmless
D. Only the school principal's approval is needed
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Research with minors requires both parental/guardian consent and the child's
developmentally appropriate assent. Assent alone, assumed consent, or administrative
approval alone violate ethical standards for protecting vulnerable participants.
Q10: After watching a video of an adult hitting an inflatable doll, a preschooler imitates
the hitting behavior. Which theorist's work does this best illustrate?
A. Bandura's social learning theory [CORRECT]
B. Piaget's cognitive theory
, C. Erikson's psychosocial theory
D. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bandura's Bobo doll studies demonstrated observational learning—children
imitate models they observe. The other theorists did not emphasize imitation of
aggressive models as the mechanism of learning.
Section B: Midterm – Heredity, Prenatal Development & Birth (Q11–Q20)
Q11: Which term refers to the observable characteristics resulting from the interaction
of genes and environment?
A. Genotype
B. Genome
C. Phenotype [CORRECT]
D. Karyotype
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The phenotype is the actually expressed, observable trait, whereas the
genotype is the underlying genetic makeup. The genome is the full set of genes, and a
karyotype is a photograph of chromosomes.
Q12: Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder. If both parents are carriers (Cc), what is the
chance that a child will inherit the disorder?
A. 0%
B. 50%
C. 100%
D. 25% [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Two carriers produce a 25% chance (cc) of an affected child, a 50% chance of
carrier status, and a 25% chance of being unaffected. The 50% figure describes carrier
probability, not affected status.
Q13: A 39-year-old pregnant woman asks why her provider recommends testing for
chromosomal abnormalities. What is the best explanation?
A. Paternal age is the strongest factor for Down syndrome
B. The risk of Down syndrome (trisomy 21) rises significantly with increasing maternal
age [CORRECT]
C. Down syndrome is caused by prenatal nutrition
