AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 1 |
STUDY GUIDE AND EXAM REVISION |
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Updated Questions and Answers | 100% Verified Exam Prep
,How is information coded in short-term memory (STM) Acoustically.
according to Baddeley (1966)?
How is information coded in long-term memory (LTM) Semantically.
according to Baddeley (1966)?
What is the capacity of short-term memory according to 7 +/- 2 items.
Miller?
What is the capacity of long-term memory? Unlimited.
What is the duration of short-term memory? 18-30 seconds.
What is the duration of long-term memory? Unlimited (potentially over 46 years).
What method did Petersen et al. (1959) use to prevent mental Counting backwards from a 3-digit number.
rehearsal in their duration study?
What is a major strength of Bahrick et al.'s (1975) study on LTM High mundane realism and ecological validity due to the use of meaningful, real-life
duration? stimuli.
What is a common criticism of the studies by Miller and They have low mundane realism and low ecological validity due to the use of artificial
Petersen et al. regarding their methodology? stimuli.
What is the sensory register's capacity and duration? Huge capacity, but a duration of less than half a second.
What process is required to move information from the Attention.
sensory register to STM?
What is maintenance rehearsal in the context of the Multi- Repeating information to oneself to keep it in the STM or transfer it to LTM.
Store Model?
What is retrieval in the Multi-Store Model? The process of transferring information from LTM back into the STM.
,What is a key limitation of the Multi-Store Model regarding the It views LTM as a single, unitary store, ignoring the existence of different types like
LTM store? procedural, semantic, and episodic memory.
What did Craik and Watkins (1973) suggest is more important Elaborative rehearsal, which involves making links with existing knowledge.
than prolonged rehearsal for LTM transfer?
What evidence did Shallice and Warrington provide against Their patient KF had poor STM recall for auditory stimuli but better recall for visual
the idea that STM is a unitary store? stimuli.
Define episodic memory. Memory of personal events, including details of when and how they occurred, and
associated people and places.
Define semantic memory. Memory of the world, including knowledge of words, themes, and concepts.
What is the 'chunking' method in memory? Grouping information into smaller units (e.g., 7 items) to increase the capacity of STM.
What did Jacobs find regarding the digit span of STM? The mean digit span was 9.3 items.
What did Jacobs find regarding the letter span of STM? The mean letter span was 7.3 items.
What is a potential confounding variable in Jacobs' research? Lack of standardisation, such as noisy environments or difficult word lists.
How does the Multi-Store Model explain forgetting in STM? Lack of maintenance rehearsal.
What is the main difference between procedural and Procedural memory can be retrieved unconsciously, while semantic and episodic
semantic/episodic memory retrieval? memories are typically retrieved consciously.
What is a more recent estimate for the capacity of STM Approximately 4 chunks.
compared to Miller's 7 +/- 2?
What are procedural memories? Memories of learned skills, such as swimming or driving, which are recalled
unconsciously.
How do episodic and semantic memories differ from Episodic and semantic memories must be recalled consciously, whereas procedural
procedural memories regarding recall? memories are recalled unconsciously.
, What did Petersen et al. discover about the neurological basis Semantic memories are recalled from the left prefrontal cortex, while episodic memories
of LTM? are recalled from the right prefrontal cortex.
How does understanding episodic memory help in clinical Since mild cognitive impairments often affect episodic memory, understanding it can
settings? lead to improved, targeted treatments.
What is the distinction between declarative and non- Declarative memories (episodic and semantic) require conscious recall, while non-
declarative memories according to Cohen and Squire? declarative memories (procedural) do not.
How do the cases of HM and Clive Wearing support the They demonstrate that one type of memory (episodic) can be impaired while others
existence of different types of LTM? (procedural and semantic) remain intact.
What are the four components of the Working Memory Model The central executive, the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the
(WMM)? episodic buffer.
What is the primary role of the central executive in the WMM? It acts as an attentional process with limited capacity that allocates tasks to the three
slave systems.
What are the two sub-components of the phonological loop? The articulatory process (stores words heard) and the phonological store.
What is the function of the visuo-spatial sketchpad? It processes visual and spatial information to create a complete picture, such as recalling
the architecture of a landmark.
What are the two sub-divisions of the visuo-spatial sketchpad? The inner scribe and the visual cache.
What is the approximate capacity of the visuo-spatial Around 4-5 chunks.
sketchpad according to Baddeley?
What is the function of the episodic buffer? It integrates data from all other stores and acts as the storage component for the central
executive, linking STM to LTM.
What is a major criticism of the central executive in the WMM? It has not been precisely defined; terms like 'process' are vague, and it may consist of
multiple sub-components.
STUDY GUIDE AND EXAM REVISION |
PRACTICE MATERIALS | 100% VERIFIED |
A+ GUARANTEE
Updated Questions and Answers | 100% Verified Exam Prep
,How is information coded in short-term memory (STM) Acoustically.
according to Baddeley (1966)?
How is information coded in long-term memory (LTM) Semantically.
according to Baddeley (1966)?
What is the capacity of short-term memory according to 7 +/- 2 items.
Miller?
What is the capacity of long-term memory? Unlimited.
What is the duration of short-term memory? 18-30 seconds.
What is the duration of long-term memory? Unlimited (potentially over 46 years).
What method did Petersen et al. (1959) use to prevent mental Counting backwards from a 3-digit number.
rehearsal in their duration study?
What is a major strength of Bahrick et al.'s (1975) study on LTM High mundane realism and ecological validity due to the use of meaningful, real-life
duration? stimuli.
What is a common criticism of the studies by Miller and They have low mundane realism and low ecological validity due to the use of artificial
Petersen et al. regarding their methodology? stimuli.
What is the sensory register's capacity and duration? Huge capacity, but a duration of less than half a second.
What process is required to move information from the Attention.
sensory register to STM?
What is maintenance rehearsal in the context of the Multi- Repeating information to oneself to keep it in the STM or transfer it to LTM.
Store Model?
What is retrieval in the Multi-Store Model? The process of transferring information from LTM back into the STM.
,What is a key limitation of the Multi-Store Model regarding the It views LTM as a single, unitary store, ignoring the existence of different types like
LTM store? procedural, semantic, and episodic memory.
What did Craik and Watkins (1973) suggest is more important Elaborative rehearsal, which involves making links with existing knowledge.
than prolonged rehearsal for LTM transfer?
What evidence did Shallice and Warrington provide against Their patient KF had poor STM recall for auditory stimuli but better recall for visual
the idea that STM is a unitary store? stimuli.
Define episodic memory. Memory of personal events, including details of when and how they occurred, and
associated people and places.
Define semantic memory. Memory of the world, including knowledge of words, themes, and concepts.
What is the 'chunking' method in memory? Grouping information into smaller units (e.g., 7 items) to increase the capacity of STM.
What did Jacobs find regarding the digit span of STM? The mean digit span was 9.3 items.
What did Jacobs find regarding the letter span of STM? The mean letter span was 7.3 items.
What is a potential confounding variable in Jacobs' research? Lack of standardisation, such as noisy environments or difficult word lists.
How does the Multi-Store Model explain forgetting in STM? Lack of maintenance rehearsal.
What is the main difference between procedural and Procedural memory can be retrieved unconsciously, while semantic and episodic
semantic/episodic memory retrieval? memories are typically retrieved consciously.
What is a more recent estimate for the capacity of STM Approximately 4 chunks.
compared to Miller's 7 +/- 2?
What are procedural memories? Memories of learned skills, such as swimming or driving, which are recalled
unconsciously.
How do episodic and semantic memories differ from Episodic and semantic memories must be recalled consciously, whereas procedural
procedural memories regarding recall? memories are recalled unconsciously.
, What did Petersen et al. discover about the neurological basis Semantic memories are recalled from the left prefrontal cortex, while episodic memories
of LTM? are recalled from the right prefrontal cortex.
How does understanding episodic memory help in clinical Since mild cognitive impairments often affect episodic memory, understanding it can
settings? lead to improved, targeted treatments.
What is the distinction between declarative and non- Declarative memories (episodic and semantic) require conscious recall, while non-
declarative memories according to Cohen and Squire? declarative memories (procedural) do not.
How do the cases of HM and Clive Wearing support the They demonstrate that one type of memory (episodic) can be impaired while others
existence of different types of LTM? (procedural and semantic) remain intact.
What are the four components of the Working Memory Model The central executive, the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the
(WMM)? episodic buffer.
What is the primary role of the central executive in the WMM? It acts as an attentional process with limited capacity that allocates tasks to the three
slave systems.
What are the two sub-components of the phonological loop? The articulatory process (stores words heard) and the phonological store.
What is the function of the visuo-spatial sketchpad? It processes visual and spatial information to create a complete picture, such as recalling
the architecture of a landmark.
What are the two sub-divisions of the visuo-spatial sketchpad? The inner scribe and the visual cache.
What is the approximate capacity of the visuo-spatial Around 4-5 chunks.
sketchpad according to Baddeley?
What is the function of the episodic buffer? It integrates data from all other stores and acts as the storage component for the central
executive, linking STM to LTM.
What is a major criticism of the central executive in the WMM? It has not been precisely defined; terms like 'process' are vague, and it may consist of
multiple sub-components.
