athophysiology
reparation.pdf10/14/2026*&#(*^$&@^*$*U(H$*H*H&$)*&$(&^$&*^^$(&))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________$U&*($710/14/2026,
2026-10-14Cardiovascular
AP 2, Module 4 StudySystem
Guide, Notes,
NursingApplied
Exam Pathophysiology
Preparation.pdf10/14/2026*&#(*^$&@^*$*U(H$*H*H&$)*&$(&^$&*^^$(&))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________
AP 2, Module 4 Study Guide, Nursing Exam Preparation.pdf10/14/2026*&#(*^$&@^*$*U(H$*H*H
2:15:04 AM
Cardiovascular System – Cardio “Heart” Vascular “Vessel”
Cardiovascular System - Overview
- Closed circulatory system
- Fluid contents are pumped from the heart throughout body and back
to heart
- Study of: muscular heart, blood vessels and blood
- Functions: transporting gases, nutrients, wastes throughout body,
prevents loss of blood from ruptured vessels through clotting, fight
the invasion of the body by foreign pathogen
Anatomy of Heart
- Fist -sized cone-shaped muscular organ
- Located in pericardial cavity (in anterior portion of the mediastinum
between lungs)
- Thoracic cavity (separated by the mediastinum in the middle, between
the two lateral pleural cavities
- Pleural cavities (contain the lungs)
- Pericardium (Heart enclosed / tough, thick sac/ protects heart and
anchors to diaphragm) Inner/Outer layers of the pericardium covered
by a smooth layer of endothelium
- Myocardium (Bulk of heart/composed mainly of cardiac muscle/layer
that contracts
- Endocardium (heart lined w/ white sheet of endothelium/is continuous
w/ blood vessel linings
- 4 chambers (separate by R/L via partition called Septum
- Atria (Two upper receiving chambers)/ Atria are smaller than and not
as muscular as the ventricles, which must force blood through vessels
to distant parts of body
- Ventricles (Two lower pumping (sending) chambers)
- Fossa Ovalis (Shallow depression on the septum separating the
atria/also present in developing fetuses (allowing fetal blood to move
directly from R/L atrium bypassing undeveloped lungs. Fossa Ovalis
closes during birth so baby lungs can receive oxygen
- Four one-way valves (regulates the flow of blood)/ Pulmonary, Aortic,
Mitral (Bicuspid), Tricuspid
- Pulmonary (Controls the flow leaving R ventricle into pulmonary
trunk)
- Aortic (Controls the flow of blood out of the left ventricle into the
aorta)/ Stronger than Pulmonary due to increase blood pressure
needed to send blood pumping to the entire body.
- Mitral (Bicuspid) (Controls flow of blood from L atrium into L ventricle
- Tricuspid (Controls flow of blood from R atrium into R ventricle
Anatomy Of Vessels (Arteries, Capillaries, Veins)
This study source was downloaded by 1827175 from cliffsnotes.com on 01-08-2026 16:20:19 GMT -06:00
athophysiology
reparation.pdf10/14/2026*&#(*^$&@^*$*U(H$*H*H&$)*&$(&^$&*^^$(&))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________$U&*($710/14/2026,
2026-10-14Cardiovascular
AP 2, Module 4 StudySystem
Guide, Notes,
Nursing
Applied
Exam Pathophysiology
https://www.cliffsnotes.com//study-notes/28257456 Preparation.pdf10/14/2026*&#(*^$&@^*$*U(H$*H*H&$)*&$(&^$&*^^$(&))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________
AP 2, Module 4 Study Guide, Nursing Exam Preparation.pdf10/14/2026*&#(*^$&@^*$*U(H$*H*H
2:15:04 AM
reparation.pdf10/14/2026*&#(*^$&@^*$*U(H$*H*H&$)*&$(&^$&*^^$(&))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________$U&*($710/14/2026,
2026-10-14Cardiovascular
AP 2, Module 4 StudySystem
Guide, Notes,
NursingApplied
Exam Pathophysiology
Preparation.pdf10/14/2026*&#(*^$&@^*$*U(H$*H*H&$)*&$(&^$&*^^$(&))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________
AP 2, Module 4 Study Guide, Nursing Exam Preparation.pdf10/14/2026*&#(*^$&@^*$*U(H$*H*H
2:15:04 AM
Cardiovascular System – Cardio “Heart” Vascular “Vessel”
Cardiovascular System - Overview
- Closed circulatory system
- Fluid contents are pumped from the heart throughout body and back
to heart
- Study of: muscular heart, blood vessels and blood
- Functions: transporting gases, nutrients, wastes throughout body,
prevents loss of blood from ruptured vessels through clotting, fight
the invasion of the body by foreign pathogen
Anatomy of Heart
- Fist -sized cone-shaped muscular organ
- Located in pericardial cavity (in anterior portion of the mediastinum
between lungs)
- Thoracic cavity (separated by the mediastinum in the middle, between
the two lateral pleural cavities
- Pleural cavities (contain the lungs)
- Pericardium (Heart enclosed / tough, thick sac/ protects heart and
anchors to diaphragm) Inner/Outer layers of the pericardium covered
by a smooth layer of endothelium
- Myocardium (Bulk of heart/composed mainly of cardiac muscle/layer
that contracts
- Endocardium (heart lined w/ white sheet of endothelium/is continuous
w/ blood vessel linings
- 4 chambers (separate by R/L via partition called Septum
- Atria (Two upper receiving chambers)/ Atria are smaller than and not
as muscular as the ventricles, which must force blood through vessels
to distant parts of body
- Ventricles (Two lower pumping (sending) chambers)
- Fossa Ovalis (Shallow depression on the septum separating the
atria/also present in developing fetuses (allowing fetal blood to move
directly from R/L atrium bypassing undeveloped lungs. Fossa Ovalis
closes during birth so baby lungs can receive oxygen
- Four one-way valves (regulates the flow of blood)/ Pulmonary, Aortic,
Mitral (Bicuspid), Tricuspid
- Pulmonary (Controls the flow leaving R ventricle into pulmonary
trunk)
- Aortic (Controls the flow of blood out of the left ventricle into the
aorta)/ Stronger than Pulmonary due to increase blood pressure
needed to send blood pumping to the entire body.
- Mitral (Bicuspid) (Controls flow of blood from L atrium into L ventricle
- Tricuspid (Controls flow of blood from R atrium into R ventricle
Anatomy Of Vessels (Arteries, Capillaries, Veins)
This study source was downloaded by 1827175 from cliffsnotes.com on 01-08-2026 16:20:19 GMT -06:00
athophysiology
reparation.pdf10/14/2026*&#(*^$&@^*$*U(H$*H*H&$)*&$(&^$&*^^$(&))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________________________$U&*($710/14/2026,
2026-10-14Cardiovascular
AP 2, Module 4 StudySystem
Guide, Notes,
Nursing
Applied
Exam Pathophysiology
https://www.cliffsnotes.com//study-notes/28257456 Preparation.pdf10/14/2026*&#(*^$&@^*$*U(H$*H*H&$)*&$(&^$&*^^$(&))))))))))))))))))))))))))))________________
AP 2, Module 4 Study Guide, Nursing Exam Preparation.pdf10/14/2026*&#(*^$&@^*$*U(H$*H*H
2:15:04 AM
