Anatomy and Physiology 1 Final Exam
Questions and Correct Answers
Afferent Sensory Receptors - ANSWERSfrom interoceptors (chemo or mechano) to
CNS integration. Ex- monitor oxygen or BV stretch.
Efferent Sensory Receptors - ANSWERSfrom CNS out to effector organs (down white
matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway to effector organ is made up of at least 2 motor
neurons with a synapse.
Sympathetic - ANSWERSSpeeds up (excites) and consumes energy. "Fight or flight"
Parasympathetic - ANSWERSSlows down (inhibits) and conserves energy. "Rest and
Digest".
Autonomic Tone - ANSWERSThe constant balance between the two branches
(sympathetic and para-)
Sympathetic Division - ANSWERSTrunk (vertebral chain) ganglia - serves upper body.
Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below the diaphragm.
Divergent effect - ANSWERSOne sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon
collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more post ganglionic neurons.
Cholinergic receptors - ANSWERSParasympathetic, always releases ACH. Has 3
synapses.
Adrenergic - ANSWERSSympathetic, always releases Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
Nicotinic - ANSWERSFound at the preganglionic ganglia, always cholinergic. Can only
excite (depolarize) synapses
Muscarinic - ANSWERSAt effector organs (postganglionic- parasympathetic). can both
excite (depolarize) and inhibit (hyperpolarize) synpases.
, Alpha 1 and Beta 1 - ANSWERSExcitatory receptors (cx. of muscles, increases release
of hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones will be released, excitatory in nature.
Alpha 2 and Beta 2 - ANSWERSInhibitory receptors (relaxing of muscles, decrease
release of hormones).
Beta 1 - ANSWERSAdrenergic receptor in the heart.
Beta 2 - ANSWERSAdrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and skeletal/ cardiac
muslce BVs.
Beta 3 - ANSWERSAdrenergic receptor only active in infants for burning brown fat --
thermogenesis.
Exocrine gland - ANSWERSgland that secretes into ducts -- onto body cavities and
outside of the body.
Endocrine gland - ANSWERSGland that is ductless.
Paracrine - ANSWERSHormone that acts on near-by cells without getting into the blood
stream.
Autocrine - ANSWERSHormone that acts on the same cell that secreted it.
Hypothalamus - ANSWERSProduces releasing or inhibiting factors that travel via blood
to anterior pituitary. Also produces ADH and Oxytocin that is released by the posterior
pituitary.
Pituitary (Hypophysis) - ANSWERSFound in the Sella Turcica of the Sphenoid bone.
2 Capillary beds connected by a portal vein - ANSWERSWhat allows there to be a
direct route to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus. Instead of having to go all
the way through the blood system until it gets to the A. Pituitary?
Anterior Pituitary hormones - ANSWERS7 hormones, called "tropic" hormones that
influence other glands.
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) - ANSWERSSomatotrophin, stimulates secretion of
IGF. Target cells = bones, cartilage, skeletal muscle, liver. Also increases blood
glucose.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - ANSWERSStimulates synthesis/ secretion of
Thyroid hormones by thyroid gland.
Prolactin (PRL) - ANSWERSMilk production by mammary glands.
Questions and Correct Answers
Afferent Sensory Receptors - ANSWERSfrom interoceptors (chemo or mechano) to
CNS integration. Ex- monitor oxygen or BV stretch.
Efferent Sensory Receptors - ANSWERSfrom CNS out to effector organs (down white
matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway to effector organ is made up of at least 2 motor
neurons with a synapse.
Sympathetic - ANSWERSSpeeds up (excites) and consumes energy. "Fight or flight"
Parasympathetic - ANSWERSSlows down (inhibits) and conserves energy. "Rest and
Digest".
Autonomic Tone - ANSWERSThe constant balance between the two branches
(sympathetic and para-)
Sympathetic Division - ANSWERSTrunk (vertebral chain) ganglia - serves upper body.
Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below the diaphragm.
Divergent effect - ANSWERSOne sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon
collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more post ganglionic neurons.
Cholinergic receptors - ANSWERSParasympathetic, always releases ACH. Has 3
synapses.
Adrenergic - ANSWERSSympathetic, always releases Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
Nicotinic - ANSWERSFound at the preganglionic ganglia, always cholinergic. Can only
excite (depolarize) synapses
Muscarinic - ANSWERSAt effector organs (postganglionic- parasympathetic). can both
excite (depolarize) and inhibit (hyperpolarize) synpases.
, Alpha 1 and Beta 1 - ANSWERSExcitatory receptors (cx. of muscles, increases release
of hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones will be released, excitatory in nature.
Alpha 2 and Beta 2 - ANSWERSInhibitory receptors (relaxing of muscles, decrease
release of hormones).
Beta 1 - ANSWERSAdrenergic receptor in the heart.
Beta 2 - ANSWERSAdrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and skeletal/ cardiac
muslce BVs.
Beta 3 - ANSWERSAdrenergic receptor only active in infants for burning brown fat --
thermogenesis.
Exocrine gland - ANSWERSgland that secretes into ducts -- onto body cavities and
outside of the body.
Endocrine gland - ANSWERSGland that is ductless.
Paracrine - ANSWERSHormone that acts on near-by cells without getting into the blood
stream.
Autocrine - ANSWERSHormone that acts on the same cell that secreted it.
Hypothalamus - ANSWERSProduces releasing or inhibiting factors that travel via blood
to anterior pituitary. Also produces ADH and Oxytocin that is released by the posterior
pituitary.
Pituitary (Hypophysis) - ANSWERSFound in the Sella Turcica of the Sphenoid bone.
2 Capillary beds connected by a portal vein - ANSWERSWhat allows there to be a
direct route to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus. Instead of having to go all
the way through the blood system until it gets to the A. Pituitary?
Anterior Pituitary hormones - ANSWERS7 hormones, called "tropic" hormones that
influence other glands.
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) - ANSWERSSomatotrophin, stimulates secretion of
IGF. Target cells = bones, cartilage, skeletal muscle, liver. Also increases blood
glucose.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - ANSWERSStimulates synthesis/ secretion of
Thyroid hormones by thyroid gland.
Prolactin (PRL) - ANSWERSMilk production by mammary glands.
