NUR 504 Exam 5 Questions with Verified
Correct Answers
Diabetes:
a metabolic disorder affecting insulin production and insulin resistance
Type I DM:
-an autoimmune disease with an acute onset
-most prominent in children, teens, and adults <30
-beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed, causing an inability to produce a sufficient
amount of insulin or none at all
-cannot be prevented or cured
-requires insulin injections for life
Type II DM:
-has a gradual onset
-NOT autoimmune
-insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction occurs preventing cellular uptake of glucose (it
takes more insulin to reach the tissues d/t the resistance barrier)
-most prominent in adults > 30, but can develop at any age
-can be prevented through lifestyle modifications
-may require insulin but oral glycemics are usually tried first
risk factors for type I DM:
-family hx
-autoimmune dz
risk factors for type II DM:
,-family hx
-obesity
-more prevalent in African American, Hispanic, and Native Americans
-sedentary lifestyle
-Hx of gestational DM
Labs for diabetes:
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) --> representative of the bodies baseline rate
-w/ out diabetes --> 70-90
-w/ diabetes --> 80-130
Random Blood Sugar:
-gives a view of how the body is responding to food
HBA1C: measures BG over the past 3 months (the lifecycle of RBCs)
-normal non diabetic: <6
-prediabetes: 5.7-6.4
-diabetes: >7 (we don't want them to be super low because that means they are frequently
hypoglycemic)
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT):
-blood is checked at 1,2, & 3 hours to see how insulin production is responding to
carbohydrate and glucose intake
DX testing for diabetes:
,Ongoing monitoring for complications of the disease
Eye exam:
-they are at risk for diabetic retinopathy (sugar damages the vasculature in the eye and is
irreversible)
Cardiovascular health:
-CAD is the biggest risk for diabetic patients which can lead to MU
-we use an EKG to monitor baseline cardiac function
Foot care:
-they will have neuropathy
S/S of diabetes:
new onset of diabetes will always present with symptoms consistent with high blood
sugar or hyperglycemia
-polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia
-always hungry
-always tired
-dizziness
-frequent urination (good red flag is children who have been potty trained wetting the bed or
adults waking up in the middle of the night with urgency)
-sexual problems
-blurry vision
-tingling in hands or feet
-always thirsty
, -unexplained weight gain in type II --> type I there will be weight loss m
-wounds that wont heal
Bolus insulin:
Carb coverage
-patients do not need this coverage if they don't eat
-extra amounts of insulin in the pancreas would naturally make in response to glucose
consumption through meals
-the amount of bolus insulin given depends on the size of the meal
-Humalog
-Novolog
-Regular
Basal Insulin:
Insulin given at any time regardless of meals or not
-given for the insulin that is normally supplied by the pancreas and is present 24 hrs/day
whether or not the patient eats
Lantus or Levemir: doesn't have a set peak
-within 24 hrs the way its secreted 1 unit will be secreted each hr for 24 hrs
-1 unit/hr x 24 hrs
Humalog or Novolog via insulin pump
Rapid acting insulin:
Lispro (Humalog) & Aspart (Novolog)::
-Route: subcut
Correct Answers
Diabetes:
a metabolic disorder affecting insulin production and insulin resistance
Type I DM:
-an autoimmune disease with an acute onset
-most prominent in children, teens, and adults <30
-beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed, causing an inability to produce a sufficient
amount of insulin or none at all
-cannot be prevented or cured
-requires insulin injections for life
Type II DM:
-has a gradual onset
-NOT autoimmune
-insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction occurs preventing cellular uptake of glucose (it
takes more insulin to reach the tissues d/t the resistance barrier)
-most prominent in adults > 30, but can develop at any age
-can be prevented through lifestyle modifications
-may require insulin but oral glycemics are usually tried first
risk factors for type I DM:
-family hx
-autoimmune dz
risk factors for type II DM:
,-family hx
-obesity
-more prevalent in African American, Hispanic, and Native Americans
-sedentary lifestyle
-Hx of gestational DM
Labs for diabetes:
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) --> representative of the bodies baseline rate
-w/ out diabetes --> 70-90
-w/ diabetes --> 80-130
Random Blood Sugar:
-gives a view of how the body is responding to food
HBA1C: measures BG over the past 3 months (the lifecycle of RBCs)
-normal non diabetic: <6
-prediabetes: 5.7-6.4
-diabetes: >7 (we don't want them to be super low because that means they are frequently
hypoglycemic)
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT):
-blood is checked at 1,2, & 3 hours to see how insulin production is responding to
carbohydrate and glucose intake
DX testing for diabetes:
,Ongoing monitoring for complications of the disease
Eye exam:
-they are at risk for diabetic retinopathy (sugar damages the vasculature in the eye and is
irreversible)
Cardiovascular health:
-CAD is the biggest risk for diabetic patients which can lead to MU
-we use an EKG to monitor baseline cardiac function
Foot care:
-they will have neuropathy
S/S of diabetes:
new onset of diabetes will always present with symptoms consistent with high blood
sugar or hyperglycemia
-polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia
-always hungry
-always tired
-dizziness
-frequent urination (good red flag is children who have been potty trained wetting the bed or
adults waking up in the middle of the night with urgency)
-sexual problems
-blurry vision
-tingling in hands or feet
-always thirsty
, -unexplained weight gain in type II --> type I there will be weight loss m
-wounds that wont heal
Bolus insulin:
Carb coverage
-patients do not need this coverage if they don't eat
-extra amounts of insulin in the pancreas would naturally make in response to glucose
consumption through meals
-the amount of bolus insulin given depends on the size of the meal
-Humalog
-Novolog
-Regular
Basal Insulin:
Insulin given at any time regardless of meals or not
-given for the insulin that is normally supplied by the pancreas and is present 24 hrs/day
whether or not the patient eats
Lantus or Levemir: doesn't have a set peak
-within 24 hrs the way its secreted 1 unit will be secreted each hr for 24 hrs
-1 unit/hr x 24 hrs
Humalog or Novolog via insulin pump
Rapid acting insulin:
Lispro (Humalog) & Aspart (Novolog)::
-Route: subcut
