NUR641E Study Guide 1Midterm Updated 2026

NUR641E Midterm Study Guide Updated 2026 | Practice-Ready Answer Guide What does pharmacokinetics involve? - answer - absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion What is absorption? - answer - from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the blood plasma What is distribution? - answer - reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular fluid What is metabolism? - answer - Biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues What is elimination? - answer - The drug and it metabolites are eliminated from the body What route of administration has the highest bioavailability? - answer - intravenous Which route of administration avoid first-pass metabolism in the liver? - answer - intravenous route What administration route has variable and erractic absorption? - answer - rectal When is a steady state of a drug reached? - answer - within 4-5 half-lives of a drug What is important to know in regards to half-life? - answer - determines how frequently the drug must be administered Predicts how long toxic effects last What does first-order (linear) pharmacoknetics mean? - answer - the metabolism is directly proportional to the free concentration of the drug What does zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics? - answer - a drug is metabolized at a constant rate per unit time What does the drug development proccess involve according to the FDA? - answer - discovery preclinical research with animal testing Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 FDA review of the results to determine approval Phase 4 What is phase one of drug development? - answer - Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication pharmacokinetics What is phase two of drug development? - answer - Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety usually in a population for which treatment is inteded What is phase three of drug development? - answer - Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications or placebo for efficacy and safety What is phase four of drug development? - answer - Postmarketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies What are the medication safety organizations? - answer - FDA Institute for safe medication practices (ISMP) JCAHO What is the institute for safe medication practices? - answer - non-profit organization that focuses on preventing medication errors and promoting safe medication practices What is the institute of medicine? - answer - non-govermental nonprofit organization that provides unbiased advice to policymakers and the public on matters of science, technology and health What is joint commission? - answer - non-profit organization that accredits and certifies a wide range of healthcare organizations and programs in the US and internationally What is the NCC MERP? - answer - National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention-- comprised of 27 leading national health care organizations thta collaborate and cooperate to address medication errors What is the FDA safe use intiative - answer - create and facilitate public and private collaborations within healthcare community What are the two basic types of adverse drug reactions? - answer - pharmacological and idiosyncratic 85% to 90% of adverse drug reactions are what type? - answer - pharmacological Are adverse drug reactions preventable? - answer - yes where do adverse drug reactions occur? - answer - hospital or nursing home setting what does adverse drug reactions include? - answer - med errors adverse drug effects allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions Does the FDA mandate that ADRs are reported? - answer - no What does polypharmacy involve? - answer - Multiple health care providers for care usig multiple medications using several pharmacies for prescription filling Types of angiotension converting enzyme in