SCI 225 Final Exam Pathophysiology ACTUAL
EXAM 2026/2027 | Pathophysiology | Verified
Q&A | Pass Guaranteed - A+ Graded
Course: SCI 225 – Pathophysiology
Exam: Final Exam
Format: 100 questions across six content domains
Section 1: Foundational Principles & Cellular Injury/Adaptation (Q1–Q18)
Q1: What is pathophysiology?
A. The study of functional changes caused by disease or injury [CORRECT]
B. The study of structural alterations caused by disease
C. The study of the causes of disease
D. The study of the treatment of disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The best answer is A because pathophysiology is the study of functional changes caused by
disease or injury.
Q2: What is pathology?
A. The study of functional changes caused by disease
B. The study of structural alterations caused by disease [CORRECT]
C. The study of the causes of disease
D. The study of the treatment of disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because pathology is the study of structural alterations caused by
disease.
Q3: What is etiology?
A. The cause or origin of a disease [CORRECT]
B. The sequence of mechanisms through which disease develops
C. The predicted outcome of a disease
D. The study of disease occurrence
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The best answer is A because etiology refers to the cause or origin of a disease.
,Q4: What is pathogenesis?
A. The cause or origin of a disease
B. The sequence of mechanisms through which disease develops [CORRECT]
C. The predicted outcome of a disease
D. The study of disease occurrence
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because pathogenesis is the sequence of mechanisms through which a
disease develops.
Q5: What is prognosis?
A. The cause or origin of a disease
B. The sequence of mechanisms through which disease develops
C. The predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery [CORRECT]
D. The study of disease occurrence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best answer is C because prognosis is the predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery
from a disease.
Q6: What is homeostasis?
A. The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment [CORRECT]
B. The disruption of normal physiological function
C. The cause of a disease
D. The study of disease occurrence
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The best answer is A because homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal
environment.
Q7: What is negative feedback?
A. A mechanism that amplifies a process
B. A mechanism that returns a variable toward the normal range [CORRECT]
C. A mechanism that has no effect on a variable
D. A mechanism that causes disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because negative feedback returns a variable toward the normal range,
maintaining homeostasis.
Q8: What is positive feedback?
A. A mechanism that returns a variable toward normal
B. A mechanism that amplifies a process [CORRECT]
C. A mechanism that has no effect
, D. A mechanism that causes disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because positive feedback amplifies a process, such as clotting or
childbirth.
Q9: A patient with chronic hypertension develops thickening of the left ventricular wall. Which cellular
adaptation is this?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy [CORRECT]
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, which occurs in cardiac
myocytes in response to increased workload from chronic hypertension.
Q10: A patient with Barrett esophagus has replacement of squamous epithelium with columnar
epithelium. This adaptation is called:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia [CORRECT]
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell
type with another, often in response to chronic irritation such as acid reflux.
Q11: What is hyperplasia?
A. Increase in cell size
B. Increase in cell number [CORRECT]
C. Decrease in cell size
D. Replacement of one cell type with another
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because hyperplasia is an increase in cell number.
Q12: What is atrophy?
A. Increase in cell size
B. Increase in cell number
C. Decrease in cell size [CORRECT]
D. Replacement of one cell type with another
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best answer is C because atrophy is a decrease in cell size.
EXAM 2026/2027 | Pathophysiology | Verified
Q&A | Pass Guaranteed - A+ Graded
Course: SCI 225 – Pathophysiology
Exam: Final Exam
Format: 100 questions across six content domains
Section 1: Foundational Principles & Cellular Injury/Adaptation (Q1–Q18)
Q1: What is pathophysiology?
A. The study of functional changes caused by disease or injury [CORRECT]
B. The study of structural alterations caused by disease
C. The study of the causes of disease
D. The study of the treatment of disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The best answer is A because pathophysiology is the study of functional changes caused by
disease or injury.
Q2: What is pathology?
A. The study of functional changes caused by disease
B. The study of structural alterations caused by disease [CORRECT]
C. The study of the causes of disease
D. The study of the treatment of disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because pathology is the study of structural alterations caused by
disease.
Q3: What is etiology?
A. The cause or origin of a disease [CORRECT]
B. The sequence of mechanisms through which disease develops
C. The predicted outcome of a disease
D. The study of disease occurrence
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The best answer is A because etiology refers to the cause or origin of a disease.
,Q4: What is pathogenesis?
A. The cause or origin of a disease
B. The sequence of mechanisms through which disease develops [CORRECT]
C. The predicted outcome of a disease
D. The study of disease occurrence
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because pathogenesis is the sequence of mechanisms through which a
disease develops.
Q5: What is prognosis?
A. The cause or origin of a disease
B. The sequence of mechanisms through which disease develops
C. The predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery [CORRECT]
D. The study of disease occurrence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best answer is C because prognosis is the predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery
from a disease.
Q6: What is homeostasis?
A. The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment [CORRECT]
B. The disruption of normal physiological function
C. The cause of a disease
D. The study of disease occurrence
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The best answer is A because homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal
environment.
Q7: What is negative feedback?
A. A mechanism that amplifies a process
B. A mechanism that returns a variable toward the normal range [CORRECT]
C. A mechanism that has no effect on a variable
D. A mechanism that causes disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because negative feedback returns a variable toward the normal range,
maintaining homeostasis.
Q8: What is positive feedback?
A. A mechanism that returns a variable toward normal
B. A mechanism that amplifies a process [CORRECT]
C. A mechanism that has no effect
, D. A mechanism that causes disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because positive feedback amplifies a process, such as clotting or
childbirth.
Q9: A patient with chronic hypertension develops thickening of the left ventricular wall. Which cellular
adaptation is this?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy [CORRECT]
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, which occurs in cardiac
myocytes in response to increased workload from chronic hypertension.
Q10: A patient with Barrett esophagus has replacement of squamous epithelium with columnar
epithelium. This adaptation is called:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia [CORRECT]
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell
type with another, often in response to chronic irritation such as acid reflux.
Q11: What is hyperplasia?
A. Increase in cell size
B. Increase in cell number [CORRECT]
C. Decrease in cell size
D. Replacement of one cell type with another
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The best answer is B because hyperplasia is an increase in cell number.
Q12: What is atrophy?
A. Increase in cell size
B. Increase in cell number
C. Decrease in cell size [CORRECT]
D. Replacement of one cell type with another
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best answer is C because atrophy is a decrease in cell size.
