GORDIS EPIDEMIOLOGY CELENTANO
COMPLETE COURSE REVIEW GUIDE
◉ Selection Bias.
Answer: Error due to systematic differences in exposures between
those who are selected and those who are not (deals with
exposed/unexposed AND cases/non-cases)
◉ Prevention and control of bias can be accomplished at 3 levels.
Answer: 1. Ensuring that the study design is appropriate for
addressing the study hypotheses
2. Establishing and carefully monitoring procedures of data
collection that are valid and reliable
3.Using appropriate analytic procedures
◉ Unbiased.
Answer: Free from all prejudice and favoritism; fair
◉ Exclusion bias.
,Answer: When investigators apply different eligibility criteria to the
cases and to the controls in regard to which clinical conditions in the
past would permit eligibility in the study and which would serve as
the basis for exclusion.
◉ Misclassification of exposure is non-differential.
Answer: if the misclassification is unrelated to the occurrence or
presence of disease.
◉ Misclassification of exposure is differential.
Answer: if the misclassification is different for those with and
without disease.
◉ Misclassification of disease is non-differential.
Answer: if the misclassification is unrelated to exposure.
◉ Misclassification of disease is differential.
Answer: if the misclassification is different for those with and
without exposure.
◉ Misclassification of exposure.
Answer: Some people who are smokers (true exposure) may be
misclassified as non-smokers, while some others who are non-
smokers may be misclassified as smokers
, ◉ Misclassification of outcome.
Answer: Some people who have the disease (true cases) may be
misclassified as non-cases, and some without disease (true non-
cases) may be classified as cases.
◉ Information bias.
Answer: Results from a systematic tendency for individuals selected
for inclusion in the study to be erroneously placed in different
exposure/outcome categories, thus leading to misclassification.
◉ Information bias is equally likely in both.
Answer: prospective and retrospective studies.
◉ What is inference?.
Answer: The act of passing from statistical sample data to
generalizations (as of the value of population
parameters) usually with calculated degrees of
certainty
The process of passing from observations and
axioms to generalizations
◉ Inductive reasoning.
COMPLETE COURSE REVIEW GUIDE
◉ Selection Bias.
Answer: Error due to systematic differences in exposures between
those who are selected and those who are not (deals with
exposed/unexposed AND cases/non-cases)
◉ Prevention and control of bias can be accomplished at 3 levels.
Answer: 1. Ensuring that the study design is appropriate for
addressing the study hypotheses
2. Establishing and carefully monitoring procedures of data
collection that are valid and reliable
3.Using appropriate analytic procedures
◉ Unbiased.
Answer: Free from all prejudice and favoritism; fair
◉ Exclusion bias.
,Answer: When investigators apply different eligibility criteria to the
cases and to the controls in regard to which clinical conditions in the
past would permit eligibility in the study and which would serve as
the basis for exclusion.
◉ Misclassification of exposure is non-differential.
Answer: if the misclassification is unrelated to the occurrence or
presence of disease.
◉ Misclassification of exposure is differential.
Answer: if the misclassification is different for those with and
without disease.
◉ Misclassification of disease is non-differential.
Answer: if the misclassification is unrelated to exposure.
◉ Misclassification of disease is differential.
Answer: if the misclassification is different for those with and
without exposure.
◉ Misclassification of exposure.
Answer: Some people who are smokers (true exposure) may be
misclassified as non-smokers, while some others who are non-
smokers may be misclassified as smokers
, ◉ Misclassification of outcome.
Answer: Some people who have the disease (true cases) may be
misclassified as non-cases, and some without disease (true non-
cases) may be classified as cases.
◉ Information bias.
Answer: Results from a systematic tendency for individuals selected
for inclusion in the study to be erroneously placed in different
exposure/outcome categories, thus leading to misclassification.
◉ Information bias is equally likely in both.
Answer: prospective and retrospective studies.
◉ What is inference?.
Answer: The act of passing from statistical sample data to
generalizations (as of the value of population
parameters) usually with calculated degrees of
certainty
The process of passing from observations and
axioms to generalizations
◉ Inductive reasoning.
