Applied Statistics
Chapters 1–3 | Study
Guide, Practice Questions
& Exam Review
|Guaranteed success|
, Lurking or Confounding Variables When you cannot rule out the possibility that the observed effect is due to
some other variable rather than the factor being studied
Overgeneralization You do a study on one group and then try to say that it will happen on all
groups
Distribution The data set after it has been organized
Outlier a data value that is extremely far horizontally from the rest of the values
Bimodal Distribution Has two mounds
Deviation The distance a value is from the mean
Standard Deviation The average distance values are from the mean
The Kth Percentile The data value that has k% of the data at or below that value
What 2 elements do you need to know for a controlled 1) researcher manipulates independent variable
experiment? 2)Controls all other variables from influencing dependent variable
Nominal (QUAL)name or category. There is no order to any data and since there are no
numbers you cannot do arithmetic on this level of data. EX:gender,car name,
ethnicity, race
Ordinal (QUAL)name or category but can be put in order, You cannot do arithmetic on
this data but you can put data values in order. EX: grades (ABCDF), place value
in a race (1st,2nd,3rd), and size of a drink(small,med,large)
Interval (QUAN)numerical and has order but zero is arbitrary. Interval data can be
added and subtracted but not divided, EX:temp, time on a clock (0 degrees is
extremely cold NOT lack of temp)
Ratio (QUAN)numerical and zero is ABSOLUTE. You can now divide one value by
another and that ration makes sense. You can now do all arithmetic on this data.
EX: height, weight, distance, and time
Discrete Quantitative Data data can only take on particular values like integers.Discrete data are usually
things you count.EX: # of fleas on a cat
Continuous Quantitative Data data can take on any value. Continuous data are usually things you measure. EX:
length, weight, height
Qualitative The value is a word or name that describes a quality of the individual
Chapters 1–3 | Study
Guide, Practice Questions
& Exam Review
|Guaranteed success|
, Lurking or Confounding Variables When you cannot rule out the possibility that the observed effect is due to
some other variable rather than the factor being studied
Overgeneralization You do a study on one group and then try to say that it will happen on all
groups
Distribution The data set after it has been organized
Outlier a data value that is extremely far horizontally from the rest of the values
Bimodal Distribution Has two mounds
Deviation The distance a value is from the mean
Standard Deviation The average distance values are from the mean
The Kth Percentile The data value that has k% of the data at or below that value
What 2 elements do you need to know for a controlled 1) researcher manipulates independent variable
experiment? 2)Controls all other variables from influencing dependent variable
Nominal (QUAL)name or category. There is no order to any data and since there are no
numbers you cannot do arithmetic on this level of data. EX:gender,car name,
ethnicity, race
Ordinal (QUAL)name or category but can be put in order, You cannot do arithmetic on
this data but you can put data values in order. EX: grades (ABCDF), place value
in a race (1st,2nd,3rd), and size of a drink(small,med,large)
Interval (QUAN)numerical and has order but zero is arbitrary. Interval data can be
added and subtracted but not divided, EX:temp, time on a clock (0 degrees is
extremely cold NOT lack of temp)
Ratio (QUAN)numerical and zero is ABSOLUTE. You can now divide one value by
another and that ration makes sense. You can now do all arithmetic on this data.
EX: height, weight, distance, and time
Discrete Quantitative Data data can only take on particular values like integers.Discrete data are usually
things you count.EX: # of fleas on a cat
Continuous Quantitative Data data can take on any value. Continuous data are usually things you measure. EX:
length, weight, height
Qualitative The value is a word or name that describes a quality of the individual
