Page 1 of 79
TEST BANK FOR HAMRIC & HANSON'S ADVANCED PRACTICE
NURSING: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH EXAM GUIDE AND
CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST EDITION 2026
Test Bank for Hamric & Hanson's Advanced Practice Nursing: An Integrative Approach, 7th
Edition (Tracy, O'Grady, & Phillips)
Part I: Historical and Developmental Aspects of Advanced Practice Nursing
Chapter 1: Highlights from the History of Advanced Practice Nursing in the United States
Question 1: Which of the following was the first recognized area of advanced practice
nursing?
A. Clinical Nurse Specialist
B. Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
C. Family Nurse Practitioner
D. Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In 1931, the National Association of Nurse Anesthetists (NANA), renamed in 1939 to
the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA), was the first recognized group
promoting advanced nursing practice. Agatha Hodgins founded the AANM at Lakeside Hospital
in Cleveland, Ohio.
Question 2: Which of the following is the best explanation for the creation of the Doctorate of
Nursing Practice (DNP) degree?
A. To validate APRNs for financial reimbursement
B. To address increasing curriculum requirements of master's degree programs
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C. To compete against master's degree programs
D. To ensure standardized curriculum ensuring independent practice
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Although all answers are influenced by the DNP core competencies, the DNP
program creation in 2004 by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) was
designed to address curriculum requirements of master's degree programs.
Question 3: Which factor is broadly perceived to solidify and standardize the role of the APNs
over the last 25 years?
A. Societal forces
B. Lack of access to health care providers
C. Payment for services
D. Standardized curriculum development
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: As the evolution of Advanced Practice Nursing advances, specific specialties and
needs are identified. Through the evolution of organization and standardization, these roles
have solidified the APN's role in today's health care environment.
Question 4: During the formation of early APN roles in anesthesia, which of the following
increased demand for access to health care?
A. War
B. Poverty
C. Rural access to care
D. Availability of training
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Earliest demand for nursing-provided anesthesia spiked during periods of war when
numbers of physicians were inadequate. The earliest records date back to the American Civil
War with the administration of chloroform. During World War I in 1917, more than 1000 nurses,
some trained anesthetists, traveled into battle.
Question 5: In 1889, Dr. William Worrall Mayo built and opened St. Mary's Hospital in
Rochester, NY. He is known for some of the earliest recruitment and specialized training of
nurses in which of the following roles?
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,Page 3 of 79
A. Obstetrics
B. Anesthesia
C. Family nursing
D. Pediatrics
E. Research and statistics
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In 1889, Dr. William Worrall Mayo began formally training and recognizing nurse
anesthetists. This has been regarded as the earliest training in nurse-provided anesthesia.
Question 6: In 1893, Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement (HSS) House for
which primary purpose?
A. Access to health care of rural areas
B. Provide the disadvantaged access to care
C. Establish guidelines for advanced nursing roles
D. Create inner-city nursing awareness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The HHS was established to provide nursing services to immigrants and low-income
patients and their families in Manhattan. As resistance to nurse-provided care grew, standing
orders were drafted from a group of Lower East Side physicians, thereby circumventing then-
existing legal ramifications.
Question 7: The Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) founded in Kentucky in 1925 by Mary
Breckenridge initially provided Appalachia with which type of advanced nursing care?
A. Surgical services
B. Pediatric care
C. Anesthesia
D. Midwifery
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) was founded by Mary Breckenridge in 1925 to
provide midwifery care to the underserved population of rural Appalachia.
Question 8: Which of the following best describes the historical evolution of the Clinical Nurse
Specialist (CNS) role?
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A. The CNS role emerged in the 1940s to address nursing shortages
B. The CNS role emerged in the 1950s to improve patient care and nursing practice
C. The CNS role emerged in the 1960s to provide primary care
D. The CNS role emerged in the 1970s to replace physician assistants
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) role emerged in the 1950s to improve patient care
and advance nursing practice, with the first CNS programs established in the 1950s and 1960s.
Question 9: What was the primary factor that led to the development of the Nurse
Practitioner (NP) role in the 1960s?
A. A shortage of physicians and limited access to primary care
B. A surplus of nurses seeking advanced roles
C. A decrease in the need for primary care services
D. A government mandate requiring NPs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Nurse Practitioner (NP) role developed in the 1960s in response to a shortage of
physicians and limited access to primary care, particularly for underserved populations.
Question 10: Which of the following was a key milestone in the history of advanced practice
nursing?
A. The establishment of the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 1896
B. The creation of the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF) in 1974
C. The passage of the Nurse Training Act of 1964
D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The establishment of the ANA, the creation of NONPF, and the passage of the Nurse
Training Act were all key milestones in the history and development of advanced practice
nursing.
Question 11: Which of the following best describes the role of the American Association of
Colleges of Nursing (AACN) in advanced practice nursing?
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TEST BANK FOR HAMRIC & HANSON'S ADVANCED PRACTICE
NURSING: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH EXAM GUIDE AND
CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST EDITION 2026
Test Bank for Hamric & Hanson's Advanced Practice Nursing: An Integrative Approach, 7th
Edition (Tracy, O'Grady, & Phillips)
Part I: Historical and Developmental Aspects of Advanced Practice Nursing
Chapter 1: Highlights from the History of Advanced Practice Nursing in the United States
Question 1: Which of the following was the first recognized area of advanced practice
nursing?
A. Clinical Nurse Specialist
B. Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
C. Family Nurse Practitioner
D. Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In 1931, the National Association of Nurse Anesthetists (NANA), renamed in 1939 to
the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA), was the first recognized group
promoting advanced nursing practice. Agatha Hodgins founded the AANM at Lakeside Hospital
in Cleveland, Ohio.
Question 2: Which of the following is the best explanation for the creation of the Doctorate of
Nursing Practice (DNP) degree?
A. To validate APRNs for financial reimbursement
B. To address increasing curriculum requirements of master's degree programs
1|Page
,Page 2 of 79
C. To compete against master's degree programs
D. To ensure standardized curriculum ensuring independent practice
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Although all answers are influenced by the DNP core competencies, the DNP
program creation in 2004 by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) was
designed to address curriculum requirements of master's degree programs.
Question 3: Which factor is broadly perceived to solidify and standardize the role of the APNs
over the last 25 years?
A. Societal forces
B. Lack of access to health care providers
C. Payment for services
D. Standardized curriculum development
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: As the evolution of Advanced Practice Nursing advances, specific specialties and
needs are identified. Through the evolution of organization and standardization, these roles
have solidified the APN's role in today's health care environment.
Question 4: During the formation of early APN roles in anesthesia, which of the following
increased demand for access to health care?
A. War
B. Poverty
C. Rural access to care
D. Availability of training
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Earliest demand for nursing-provided anesthesia spiked during periods of war when
numbers of physicians were inadequate. The earliest records date back to the American Civil
War with the administration of chloroform. During World War I in 1917, more than 1000 nurses,
some trained anesthetists, traveled into battle.
Question 5: In 1889, Dr. William Worrall Mayo built and opened St. Mary's Hospital in
Rochester, NY. He is known for some of the earliest recruitment and specialized training of
nurses in which of the following roles?
2|Page
,Page 3 of 79
A. Obstetrics
B. Anesthesia
C. Family nursing
D. Pediatrics
E. Research and statistics
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In 1889, Dr. William Worrall Mayo began formally training and recognizing nurse
anesthetists. This has been regarded as the earliest training in nurse-provided anesthesia.
Question 6: In 1893, Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement (HSS) House for
which primary purpose?
A. Access to health care of rural areas
B. Provide the disadvantaged access to care
C. Establish guidelines for advanced nursing roles
D. Create inner-city nursing awareness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The HHS was established to provide nursing services to immigrants and low-income
patients and their families in Manhattan. As resistance to nurse-provided care grew, standing
orders were drafted from a group of Lower East Side physicians, thereby circumventing then-
existing legal ramifications.
Question 7: The Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) founded in Kentucky in 1925 by Mary
Breckenridge initially provided Appalachia with which type of advanced nursing care?
A. Surgical services
B. Pediatric care
C. Anesthesia
D. Midwifery
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) was founded by Mary Breckenridge in 1925 to
provide midwifery care to the underserved population of rural Appalachia.
Question 8: Which of the following best describes the historical evolution of the Clinical Nurse
Specialist (CNS) role?
3|Page
, Page 4 of 79
A. The CNS role emerged in the 1940s to address nursing shortages
B. The CNS role emerged in the 1950s to improve patient care and nursing practice
C. The CNS role emerged in the 1960s to provide primary care
D. The CNS role emerged in the 1970s to replace physician assistants
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) role emerged in the 1950s to improve patient care
and advance nursing practice, with the first CNS programs established in the 1950s and 1960s.
Question 9: What was the primary factor that led to the development of the Nurse
Practitioner (NP) role in the 1960s?
A. A shortage of physicians and limited access to primary care
B. A surplus of nurses seeking advanced roles
C. A decrease in the need for primary care services
D. A government mandate requiring NPs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Nurse Practitioner (NP) role developed in the 1960s in response to a shortage of
physicians and limited access to primary care, particularly for underserved populations.
Question 10: Which of the following was a key milestone in the history of advanced practice
nursing?
A. The establishment of the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 1896
B. The creation of the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF) in 1974
C. The passage of the Nurse Training Act of 1964
D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The establishment of the ANA, the creation of NONPF, and the passage of the Nurse
Training Act were all key milestones in the history and development of advanced practice
nursing.
Question 11: Which of the following best describes the role of the American Association of
Colleges of Nursing (AACN) in advanced practice nursing?
4|Page
