Biochem Module 1.Final Test Paper
2026\2027.
3 domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
all cells share
ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA-containing region,
plasma membrane
archea is more closely related to
eukarya than bacteria
6 kingdoms
1. bacteria- unicellular prokaryotes
2. archer-unicellular prokaryotes
3. protista- unicellular eukaryote
4. fungi- uni/multicellular eukaryote
5. plantae- multicellular eukaryote
6. animalia- multicellular eukaryote
why compartmentalize?
separating energy-yielding from energy-consuming
reactions helps maintain homeostasis
chemoautotroph
chemical, co2, oxidizing bacteria
,Biochem Module 1.Final Test Paper
2026\2027.
Chemoheterotroph
chemical, organic compound, animals, most fungi,
bacteria
Photoautorophs
light, co2, plants, algae, cyanobacteria
Photoheterotroph
light, organic compounds, green/purple non sulfur
bacteria
bulk elements
C, H, O, N, P, S
trace metal ions
K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe2+
building blocks
1. amino acids- proteins
2. nucleotides- nucleic acids
3. fatty acids/glycerol- lipids;glucose
4. glucose-carbs
hierarchy
,Biochem Module 1.Final Test Paper
2026\2027.
monomers, macromolecules, supramolecular
complexes, organelles/cell
E. coli comp.
70% water, 15% protein, 6% RNA, 3%
polysaccharides, 2% lipids, 1% DNA
carbon forming 4 single bonds is... and
rotation....
tetrahedral (109.5)
rotation is free around single bonds and restricted
around double bonds
hydroxyl
hydroxyl
carbonyl (aldehyde)
carbonyl (aldehyde)
carbonyl (ketone)
carbonyl (ketone)
carboxylate
carboxylate
amino
, Biochem Module 1.Final Test Paper
2026\2027.
amino
amido
amido
sulfhydryl
sulfhydryl
disulfide
disulfide
thioester
thioester
phosphoryl
phosphoryl
phosphoanhydride
phosphoanhydride
ester
ester
ether
ether
anhydride
anhydride
2026\2027.
3 domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
all cells share
ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA-containing region,
plasma membrane
archea is more closely related to
eukarya than bacteria
6 kingdoms
1. bacteria- unicellular prokaryotes
2. archer-unicellular prokaryotes
3. protista- unicellular eukaryote
4. fungi- uni/multicellular eukaryote
5. plantae- multicellular eukaryote
6. animalia- multicellular eukaryote
why compartmentalize?
separating energy-yielding from energy-consuming
reactions helps maintain homeostasis
chemoautotroph
chemical, co2, oxidizing bacteria
,Biochem Module 1.Final Test Paper
2026\2027.
Chemoheterotroph
chemical, organic compound, animals, most fungi,
bacteria
Photoautorophs
light, co2, plants, algae, cyanobacteria
Photoheterotroph
light, organic compounds, green/purple non sulfur
bacteria
bulk elements
C, H, O, N, P, S
trace metal ions
K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe2+
building blocks
1. amino acids- proteins
2. nucleotides- nucleic acids
3. fatty acids/glycerol- lipids;glucose
4. glucose-carbs
hierarchy
,Biochem Module 1.Final Test Paper
2026\2027.
monomers, macromolecules, supramolecular
complexes, organelles/cell
E. coli comp.
70% water, 15% protein, 6% RNA, 3%
polysaccharides, 2% lipids, 1% DNA
carbon forming 4 single bonds is... and
rotation....
tetrahedral (109.5)
rotation is free around single bonds and restricted
around double bonds
hydroxyl
hydroxyl
carbonyl (aldehyde)
carbonyl (aldehyde)
carbonyl (ketone)
carbonyl (ketone)
carboxylate
carboxylate
amino
, Biochem Module 1.Final Test Paper
2026\2027.
amino
amido
amido
sulfhydryl
sulfhydryl
disulfide
disulfide
thioester
thioester
phosphoryl
phosphoryl
phosphoanhydride
phosphoanhydride
ester
ester
ether
ether
anhydride
anhydride
