lOMoARcPSD|69074652
Exam 2 Study Guide Spring 2020 - BIOL 1108
Learning Objectives
● Bacteria
○ Learn how bacteria are important to the environment
■ Know their various roles in the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles
○ Understand how antibiotics works and be able to understand what makes a good
antibiotic
● Eukaryotes
○ Evolutionary Milestone: the emergence of Eukaryotes!
■ The How’s, When’s and Whys.
■ What evidence do you need to convince you that Endosymbiosis is
correct?
● Multicellularity
○ Understand how/when/why multicellularity came about
○ Understand why multicellularity is an important event and how it contributed to
the Cambrian Explosion
○ What you need to know about multicellularity:
■ Pros and Cons of Multicellularity
■ Differences Between Simple and Complex Multicellularity
■ Traits for Multicellularity to Arise
● Tetrapod Evolution
○ Evaluate evidence that scientists discovered related to tetrapod evolution
○ Know the 2 major transitional forms that go from fish to amphibian
○ Be able to read different figures depicting evolutionary history
○ Apply concepts of analogous and homologous traits to tetrapod evolution
, lOMoARcPSD|69074652
Evolutionary Milestones and Life on Earth
● Know how to read and interpret diagram of life on earth
○ Age of the Earth - 4.6 BYA
○ When Life Began - 4 BYA
○ When Photosynthesis Began - 3.2 BYA
○ Cambrian Explosion - 530 MYA
○ Permian Extinction - 251 MYA
○ Cretaceous Extinction - 65 MYA
● 7 requirements for life
○ HOMGERR
■ Homeostasis
■ Organization (of cells)
■ Metabolism
■ Growth
■ Evolution (ability to pass on traits)
■ Reproduction
■ Response (to stimuli)
● Classifying nature (hierarchy)
○ Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
■ Did King Phillip Come Over For Grandma’s Spaghetti?
○ Prokaryotic domains (lack nucleus)
■ Bacteria
■ Archaea
○ Eukaryotic domains (nucleus)
■ Eukarya
○ LUCA
■ Last Universal Common Ancestor
■ ~3.5 BYA
■ Life existed before LUCA
● Genomics
○ Analyzing and comparing entire genomes of organisms
○ Genomes: the entire genetic profile of an organism
, lOMoARcPSD|69074652
ALL domains do respiration
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Peptidoglycan cell walls S-Layer cell walls (when Nucleus
(when present) present) Membrane enclosed
Ether-linked membrane lipids organelles
Branched phospholipids Cellulose cell walls (when
Phospholipid monolayer present)
(sometimes) 80S sized ribosomes
Methanogens (some) Reproduce via mitosis
No chlorophyll-based X-shaped chromosomes
photosynthesis Paired chromosome #s
No nitrogen fixation
Bacteria and Archaea Eukarya and Bacteria
No nucleus Ester-linked membrane lipids
No membrane enclosed organelles Straight phospholipids
70S sized ribosomes Phospholipid bilayer
Reproduce via binary fission No methanogens
Circular chromosome so Can conduct chlorophyll-based
Single chromosome #s photosynthesis
Nitrogen fixers (some)
● Homologs vs. Analogs
○ Homologs: morphologically dissimilar traits that arose from a single derived
characteristic
■ Evolved from a single point, but now look/function differently
■ Ex: the arm of a human, leg of a cat, flipper of a whale, and wing of a bat
are all homologous structures
■ Ex: human and turtle heart
○ Analogs: morphologically similar traits that arose through separate evolutionary
paths
■ Look/function the same, but came from 2 separate derived traits
■ Convergent evolution
■ Ex: wing of a bird vs. wing of a bat
● Metabolism
○ Photo vs Chemo
■ Energy source for metabolic reactions
■ Light vs. Chemical energy
○ Autotroph vs Heterotroph
■ Carbon source for metabolic reactions
■ Inorganic (CO2) vs. Organic (C&H)
Exam 2 Study Guide Spring 2020 - BIOL 1108
Learning Objectives
● Bacteria
○ Learn how bacteria are important to the environment
■ Know their various roles in the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles
○ Understand how antibiotics works and be able to understand what makes a good
antibiotic
● Eukaryotes
○ Evolutionary Milestone: the emergence of Eukaryotes!
■ The How’s, When’s and Whys.
■ What evidence do you need to convince you that Endosymbiosis is
correct?
● Multicellularity
○ Understand how/when/why multicellularity came about
○ Understand why multicellularity is an important event and how it contributed to
the Cambrian Explosion
○ What you need to know about multicellularity:
■ Pros and Cons of Multicellularity
■ Differences Between Simple and Complex Multicellularity
■ Traits for Multicellularity to Arise
● Tetrapod Evolution
○ Evaluate evidence that scientists discovered related to tetrapod evolution
○ Know the 2 major transitional forms that go from fish to amphibian
○ Be able to read different figures depicting evolutionary history
○ Apply concepts of analogous and homologous traits to tetrapod evolution
, lOMoARcPSD|69074652
Evolutionary Milestones and Life on Earth
● Know how to read and interpret diagram of life on earth
○ Age of the Earth - 4.6 BYA
○ When Life Began - 4 BYA
○ When Photosynthesis Began - 3.2 BYA
○ Cambrian Explosion - 530 MYA
○ Permian Extinction - 251 MYA
○ Cretaceous Extinction - 65 MYA
● 7 requirements for life
○ HOMGERR
■ Homeostasis
■ Organization (of cells)
■ Metabolism
■ Growth
■ Evolution (ability to pass on traits)
■ Reproduction
■ Response (to stimuli)
● Classifying nature (hierarchy)
○ Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
■ Did King Phillip Come Over For Grandma’s Spaghetti?
○ Prokaryotic domains (lack nucleus)
■ Bacteria
■ Archaea
○ Eukaryotic domains (nucleus)
■ Eukarya
○ LUCA
■ Last Universal Common Ancestor
■ ~3.5 BYA
■ Life existed before LUCA
● Genomics
○ Analyzing and comparing entire genomes of organisms
○ Genomes: the entire genetic profile of an organism
, lOMoARcPSD|69074652
ALL domains do respiration
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Peptidoglycan cell walls S-Layer cell walls (when Nucleus
(when present) present) Membrane enclosed
Ether-linked membrane lipids organelles
Branched phospholipids Cellulose cell walls (when
Phospholipid monolayer present)
(sometimes) 80S sized ribosomes
Methanogens (some) Reproduce via mitosis
No chlorophyll-based X-shaped chromosomes
photosynthesis Paired chromosome #s
No nitrogen fixation
Bacteria and Archaea Eukarya and Bacteria
No nucleus Ester-linked membrane lipids
No membrane enclosed organelles Straight phospholipids
70S sized ribosomes Phospholipid bilayer
Reproduce via binary fission No methanogens
Circular chromosome so Can conduct chlorophyll-based
Single chromosome #s photosynthesis
Nitrogen fixers (some)
● Homologs vs. Analogs
○ Homologs: morphologically dissimilar traits that arose from a single derived
characteristic
■ Evolved from a single point, but now look/function differently
■ Ex: the arm of a human, leg of a cat, flipper of a whale, and wing of a bat
are all homologous structures
■ Ex: human and turtle heart
○ Analogs: morphologically similar traits that arose through separate evolutionary
paths
■ Look/function the same, but came from 2 separate derived traits
■ Convergent evolution
■ Ex: wing of a bird vs. wing of a bat
● Metabolism
○ Photo vs Chemo
■ Energy source for metabolic reactions
■ Light vs. Chemical energy
○ Autotroph vs Heterotroph
■ Carbon source for metabolic reactions
■ Inorganic (CO2) vs. Organic (C&H)
