NURS 8022 Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam – 2026/2027 Updated Questions,
Answers & Rationales
Electrolytes - correct answer--Inorganic ions in the protoplasm are electrolytes
-Most common electrolytes in the body are Na+, K+, and Cl-
Internal Environment - correct answer--60% of the body is fluid
-Mostly inside the cells (ICF)
-Contains ions and nutrients to sustain life
-inorganic: ions: Na+, K+, Cl-
-organic: proteins, lipids, carbs
-Proper concentrations of O2, glucose, different ions, AA, fatty substances, and
other constituents in this environment essential to cell viability
ECF - correct answer--Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
-Nutrients = O2, glucose, fatty acids, and AA
-Waste products for excretion (CO2)
-Membranes maintain concentration balance (Na+ on the outside, K+ on inside)
ICF - correct answer--K+, Mag, Phosphate ions
, Homeostasis - correct answer--"Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the
internal environment"
-All organs and tissues involved
EX: kidneys maintain ion concentrations,
respiratory-- O2 and excretion of CO2
-Control systems control ICF and ECF functions
EX: regulation of O2 and CO2
Negative Feedback - correct answer-promotes stability; most of the time it's a
good thing. Promotes homeostasis. End result is different than initiating stimulus
EX: hyperglycemia- pancreas will release insulin---> takes glucose back into the
cells---> decreases blood glucose level
*started with elevated BGL, ended with decrease BGL
Positive Feedback - correct answer-promotes change in one direction; initiating
trigger is made worse.
EX: labor contractions-become closer, stronger (Exaggerated response)
Cell Membrane - correct answer-1. Phospholipids
2.Cholesterol
3.Proteins
*cell membrane is the gate keeper
Proteins in Cell Membrane - correct answer--provide selectivity to a membrane
-defined by mode of association with the lipid bilayer
Exam – 2026/2027 Updated Questions,
Answers & Rationales
Electrolytes - correct answer--Inorganic ions in the protoplasm are electrolytes
-Most common electrolytes in the body are Na+, K+, and Cl-
Internal Environment - correct answer--60% of the body is fluid
-Mostly inside the cells (ICF)
-Contains ions and nutrients to sustain life
-inorganic: ions: Na+, K+, Cl-
-organic: proteins, lipids, carbs
-Proper concentrations of O2, glucose, different ions, AA, fatty substances, and
other constituents in this environment essential to cell viability
ECF - correct answer--Na+, Cl-, HCO3-
-Nutrients = O2, glucose, fatty acids, and AA
-Waste products for excretion (CO2)
-Membranes maintain concentration balance (Na+ on the outside, K+ on inside)
ICF - correct answer--K+, Mag, Phosphate ions
, Homeostasis - correct answer--"Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the
internal environment"
-All organs and tissues involved
EX: kidneys maintain ion concentrations,
respiratory-- O2 and excretion of CO2
-Control systems control ICF and ECF functions
EX: regulation of O2 and CO2
Negative Feedback - correct answer-promotes stability; most of the time it's a
good thing. Promotes homeostasis. End result is different than initiating stimulus
EX: hyperglycemia- pancreas will release insulin---> takes glucose back into the
cells---> decreases blood glucose level
*started with elevated BGL, ended with decrease BGL
Positive Feedback - correct answer-promotes change in one direction; initiating
trigger is made worse.
EX: labor contractions-become closer, stronger (Exaggerated response)
Cell Membrane - correct answer-1. Phospholipids
2.Cholesterol
3.Proteins
*cell membrane is the gate keeper
Proteins in Cell Membrane - correct answer--provide selectivity to a membrane
-defined by mode of association with the lipid bilayer
