Recovery from brain injuries in children vs. adults
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Greater plasticity/recovery at a young age
Infant-directed speech (IDS)
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Exaggerated: slower, higher-pitched, more sing-song
Focus on naming (nouns); concrete objects
Diminutives (ex: dog → doggy)
Repetition (reduplication)
Exaggerated facial expressions
,How do they fast-map?
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Expect mutual exclusivity - any given object will have only one name
Use pragmatic cues - aspects of the social context
Ex - what is the labeler looking at?
Use sentence cues
Ex - "this person is sibbing"
Adults provide help (Joint attention, child-directed speech)
Learning a second language before vs. after puberty
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Most proficient if begin learning before age 7
A GRADUAL decrease in ability (not abrupt drop)
Different neural mechanisms used if second language learned after
puberty
What are concepts?
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General ideas that organize objects, events, qualities, or abstractions on the
basis of some similarity
Neural differences in WS
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looking at brain anatomy and structures for social interactions/language
differences
brains of those with WS are smaller than control group
Amygdala (emotion and threat) - larger in WS than control
Frontal cortex (evaluation of emotion) - larger in WS
category hierarchies
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Categories organized in set-subset relations
Ex: animal (superordinate/very broad) → dog (basic) → lab
(subordinate/very specific)
Basic - usually learned first
attention
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1) Attention: mental process that determines which info will be processed
further
Orienting response: individual views a strong/unfamiliar stimulus, they
orient to it
Habituation: repeated exposure, becomes unresponsive to stimulus
Newborn infants can detect:
A. phonemes used in all languages
B. only phonemes used in their native language
, C. only phonemes used in their native language and similar languages
D. only high-pitched sounds
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Phonemes used in all languages
6-8 weeks
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cooing
Entertain themselves with various sounds
Engage in "dialogues" of Reciprocal cooing
Imitate sounds of their conversational partners
Wug test
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Wug test
This is a wug
There are two ___ (wugs)
Examples of generativity (Chomsky)
Multiple traits
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Greater plasticity/recovery at a young age
Infant-directed speech (IDS)
Give this one a try later!
Exaggerated: slower, higher-pitched, more sing-song
Focus on naming (nouns); concrete objects
Diminutives (ex: dog → doggy)
Repetition (reduplication)
Exaggerated facial expressions
,How do they fast-map?
Give this one a try later!
Expect mutual exclusivity - any given object will have only one name
Use pragmatic cues - aspects of the social context
Ex - what is the labeler looking at?
Use sentence cues
Ex - "this person is sibbing"
Adults provide help (Joint attention, child-directed speech)
Learning a second language before vs. after puberty
Give this one a try later!
Most proficient if begin learning before age 7
A GRADUAL decrease in ability (not abrupt drop)
Different neural mechanisms used if second language learned after
puberty
What are concepts?
Give this one a try later!
General ideas that organize objects, events, qualities, or abstractions on the
basis of some similarity
Neural differences in WS
,Give this one a try later!
looking at brain anatomy and structures for social interactions/language
differences
brains of those with WS are smaller than control group
Amygdala (emotion and threat) - larger in WS than control
Frontal cortex (evaluation of emotion) - larger in WS
category hierarchies
Give this one a try later!
Categories organized in set-subset relations
Ex: animal (superordinate/very broad) → dog (basic) → lab
(subordinate/very specific)
Basic - usually learned first
attention
Give this one a try later!
1) Attention: mental process that determines which info will be processed
further
Orienting response: individual views a strong/unfamiliar stimulus, they
orient to it
Habituation: repeated exposure, becomes unresponsive to stimulus
Newborn infants can detect:
A. phonemes used in all languages
B. only phonemes used in their native language
, C. only phonemes used in their native language and similar languages
D. only high-pitched sounds
Give this one a try later!
Phonemes used in all languages
6-8 weeks
Give this one a try later!
cooing
Entertain themselves with various sounds
Engage in "dialogues" of Reciprocal cooing
Imitate sounds of their conversational partners
Wug test
Give this one a try later!
Wug test
This is a wug
There are two ___ (wugs)
Examples of generativity (Chomsky)
Multiple traits
Give this one a try later!
