strange situation
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, - Mary Ainsworth
- worked with John Bowlby
- conducted longitudinal study of mother-infant attachment in Uganda
- 'strange situation' measures focus on --> extent to which infant uses
primary caregiver as a secure base to explore, how infant reacts to brief
separations from, and reunions with, caregiver
- 14 month old Lisa is in a room with her mother playing with toys, Lisa has
settled down to play and a stranger enters and sits in a chair, stranger
attempts to interact with Lisa, and her mother then leaves the room, Lisa
crawls after her and begins to cry, stranger tries to comfort Lisa but can't,
her mother comes back and Lisa immediately is soothed
- mother settles her down again, stranger is gone, mother leaves the room,
Lisa is on her own and she is very distressed, stranger comes in to soothe
her but cannot, her mother enters the room again and calms her at once
development of self-concept
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- long and complex process
- influenced by social, emotional, cognitive development
- and by social forces (ex. attachment experiences)
self-concept: infancy
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, 0-2 months: distinguish self-touch versus other-touch
- ex. own versus other's hand on cheek (Rochat & Hespos)
2-5 months: rudimentary (limited), implicit sense of self
- enjoy self-produced actions, recognize own bodily movements
8-10 months: distress at separation from caregiver
18-20 months: conceptual sense of self
- mirror self-recognition (Rouge test): child notices the red dot on their
forehead in the mirror and the link between itself and the image in the
mirror --> indicates their conceptual sense of self is evident
- important developmental milestone; related to: becoming self conscious
--> emergence of self-conscious emotions
--> emergence of empathy
self-conscious emotions
- ex. embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt
- require: basic sense of self, awareness of others' reactions to us,
awareness of standards and norms
- emerge around 18-24 months
empathy
- emotional reaction to another's state or condition, matching the other's
state or condition
- need to identify the other's emotion
- need to understand that other (and not self) is in need
- conceptual sense of self at 18 months enables empathy
--> but perhaps rudimentary sense of self before 18 months enable
empathy before 18 months? (Davidov et al.)
2 years
- self of self strengthens
- recognize self in photographs
- refer to themselves by name or with personal pronouns
- assert independence
being transgender
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- some children's gender identity is not consistent with gender assigned at
birth
- estimates vary greatly: 1 in 300 people to 1 in 100,000
- children may identify with different gender, both, or neither
- typically prefer gender-atypical play, clothing, peers
--> BUT not only a superficial change
- underpinnings: seems to have biological underpinnings (ex. monozygotic
twins have a much higher concordance than same-sex dizygotic twins)
- historically thought to suffer from a psychiatric disorder - 'gender identity
disorder'
- now called 'gender dysphoria' - diagnosed only if distressed, discontent
with assigned gender; loneliness; depression, anxiety, poor self-esteem
--> due to being transgender? or to surrounding social factors?
- brand new research emerging
- (Olson et al) 3-12-year-olds who fully present their gender identity, have
full support of their families
findings so far:
- children express gender identity as early as 18-24 months
- consistently identify as that gender
- identify as strongly as non-transgender children
- depression, anxiety rates no higher than in non-transgender children,
lower than previous studies
- parental support might be critical factor
attachment styles
Give this one a try later!
Give this one a try later!
, - Mary Ainsworth
- worked with John Bowlby
- conducted longitudinal study of mother-infant attachment in Uganda
- 'strange situation' measures focus on --> extent to which infant uses
primary caregiver as a secure base to explore, how infant reacts to brief
separations from, and reunions with, caregiver
- 14 month old Lisa is in a room with her mother playing with toys, Lisa has
settled down to play and a stranger enters and sits in a chair, stranger
attempts to interact with Lisa, and her mother then leaves the room, Lisa
crawls after her and begins to cry, stranger tries to comfort Lisa but can't,
her mother comes back and Lisa immediately is soothed
- mother settles her down again, stranger is gone, mother leaves the room,
Lisa is on her own and she is very distressed, stranger comes in to soothe
her but cannot, her mother enters the room again and calms her at once
development of self-concept
Give this one a try later!
- long and complex process
- influenced by social, emotional, cognitive development
- and by social forces (ex. attachment experiences)
self-concept: infancy
Give this one a try later!
, 0-2 months: distinguish self-touch versus other-touch
- ex. own versus other's hand on cheek (Rochat & Hespos)
2-5 months: rudimentary (limited), implicit sense of self
- enjoy self-produced actions, recognize own bodily movements
8-10 months: distress at separation from caregiver
18-20 months: conceptual sense of self
- mirror self-recognition (Rouge test): child notices the red dot on their
forehead in the mirror and the link between itself and the image in the
mirror --> indicates their conceptual sense of self is evident
- important developmental milestone; related to: becoming self conscious
--> emergence of self-conscious emotions
--> emergence of empathy
self-conscious emotions
- ex. embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt
- require: basic sense of self, awareness of others' reactions to us,
awareness of standards and norms
- emerge around 18-24 months
empathy
- emotional reaction to another's state or condition, matching the other's
state or condition
- need to identify the other's emotion
- need to understand that other (and not self) is in need
- conceptual sense of self at 18 months enables empathy
--> but perhaps rudimentary sense of self before 18 months enable
empathy before 18 months? (Davidov et al.)
2 years
- self of self strengthens
- recognize self in photographs
- refer to themselves by name or with personal pronouns
- assert independence
being transgender
, Give this one a try later!
- some children's gender identity is not consistent with gender assigned at
birth
- estimates vary greatly: 1 in 300 people to 1 in 100,000
- children may identify with different gender, both, or neither
- typically prefer gender-atypical play, clothing, peers
--> BUT not only a superficial change
- underpinnings: seems to have biological underpinnings (ex. monozygotic
twins have a much higher concordance than same-sex dizygotic twins)
- historically thought to suffer from a psychiatric disorder - 'gender identity
disorder'
- now called 'gender dysphoria' - diagnosed only if distressed, discontent
with assigned gender; loneliness; depression, anxiety, poor self-esteem
--> due to being transgender? or to surrounding social factors?
- brand new research emerging
- (Olson et al) 3-12-year-olds who fully present their gender identity, have
full support of their families
findings so far:
- children express gender identity as early as 18-24 months
- consistently identify as that gender
- identify as strongly as non-transgender children
- depression, anxiety rates no higher than in non-transgender children,
lower than previous studies
- parental support might be critical factor
attachment styles
Give this one a try later!
