Pharmacology Exam 1 Study Guide | Key Concepts, Medication Insights & Nursing Exam Review

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Pharmacology Exam 1 Study Guide

1. Culture, Ethnicity, and Gender-Pharmacokinetics

 Different ethnic groups metabolize drugs differently due to genetic
variations (pharmacogenomics).

 Example: African Americans may respond differently to beta-blockers
than Caucasians.

 Gender differences impact drug metabolism due to hormonal
influences (e.g., women metabolize alcohol and benzodiazepines
differently).

 Consider cultural beliefs that may affect medication adherence (e.g.,
herbal remedies, fasting during religious periods).

2. Drug History Assessment

 Collect current medications, including prescription, OTC, herbal, and
supplements.

 Ask about allergies, past adverse drug reactions, and family
history of drug responses.

 Identify potential drug interactions or contraindications (e.g.,
grapefruit juice and statins).

3. Medication Error

 Errors occur due to wrong dose, wrong drug, wrong time, or
wrong patient.

 Prevention strategies: Follow The Five Rights, verify calculations,
use Tall Man lettering for look-alike/sound-alike drugs.

 Reporting: Follow institutional protocols and document without blame.

4. Medication Absorption

 Factors Affecting Absorption: Route, pH of stomach, food
interactions, age, blood flow.

 Routes:

o Oral: Absorbed in the GI tract, subject to the first-pass effect.

o IV: Immediate absorption, bypasses the liver.




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o IM/SubQ: Absorption depends on blood flow to the injection site.

5. Rights of Medication Administration

 The 6 Rights:

1. Right patient

2. Right medication

3. Right dose

4. Right route

5. Right time

6. Right documentation

6. Medication Allergy

 Can range from mild (rash, itching) to severe (anaphylaxis).

 Anaphylaxis Signs: Wheezing, swelling, difficulty breathing,
hypotension.

 Interventions: Stop medication, administer epinephrine,
antihistamines, and corticosteroids as needed.

7. HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

 Protects patient privacy and confidentiality.

 Only share patient information with those directly involved in care.

 Violations can result in legal action.

8. Aging/Pediatrics/Pregnancy

 Aging:

o Reduced renal/liver function leads to slower drug clearance.

o Increased risk of drug toxicity.

 Pediatrics:

o Immature liver/kidneys affect drug metabolism.

o Doses often based on weight (mg/kg).

 Pregnancy:




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