NSG 500: ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY
AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS |GRADE A+| JUST RELEASED
1. A patient is diagnosed with a condition that causes a decrease in cellular size. What is the
correct term for this cellular adaptation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Atrophy is the decrease or shrinkage in cellular size, often
resulting from disuse, denervation, or ischemia. Hypertrophy is an increase in size,
hyperplasia is an increase in number, and metaplasia is the replacement of one cell type
with another.
,2. Which process involves the programmed cell death that prevents an inflammatory
response?
A. Necrosis
B. Autophagy
C. Karyolysis
D. Apoptosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is an active, programmed process of cellular self-
destruction that occurs in both normal and pathologic states, typically without causing
inflammation. Necrosis is accidental death caused by injury and usually triggers
inflammation.
3. A 45-year-old male with long-term exposure to heavy metals shows signs of oxidative
stress. Which molecules are primarily responsible for this damage?
A. Free radicals
B. Antioxidants
C. Enzymes
D. Ribosomes
Answer: A
, Conceptual Explanation: Free radicals are electrically uncharged atoms or groups of
atoms that have an unpaired electron, making them unstable and highly reactive, leading to
membrane damage and DNA mutations (oxidative stress).
4. What is the primary mechanism of Down syndrome?
A. Monosomy of chromosome 21
B. Nondisjunction resulting in trisomy 21
C. Translocation of chromosome 18
D. X-linked recessive mutation
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Down syndrome is most commonly caused by chromosomal
nondisjunction during meiosis, resulting in three copies of chromosome 21 (Trisomy 21) in
every cell.
5. If a male inherits an X-linked recessive disorder, from which parent did he receive the
mutated gene?
A. His mother
B. His father
C. Either parent
D. Both parents
Answer: A
AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS |GRADE A+| JUST RELEASED
1. A patient is diagnosed with a condition that causes a decrease in cellular size. What is the
correct term for this cellular adaptation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Atrophy is the decrease or shrinkage in cellular size, often
resulting from disuse, denervation, or ischemia. Hypertrophy is an increase in size,
hyperplasia is an increase in number, and metaplasia is the replacement of one cell type
with another.
,2. Which process involves the programmed cell death that prevents an inflammatory
response?
A. Necrosis
B. Autophagy
C. Karyolysis
D. Apoptosis
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is an active, programmed process of cellular self-
destruction that occurs in both normal and pathologic states, typically without causing
inflammation. Necrosis is accidental death caused by injury and usually triggers
inflammation.
3. A 45-year-old male with long-term exposure to heavy metals shows signs of oxidative
stress. Which molecules are primarily responsible for this damage?
A. Free radicals
B. Antioxidants
C. Enzymes
D. Ribosomes
Answer: A
, Conceptual Explanation: Free radicals are electrically uncharged atoms or groups of
atoms that have an unpaired electron, making them unstable and highly reactive, leading to
membrane damage and DNA mutations (oxidative stress).
4. What is the primary mechanism of Down syndrome?
A. Monosomy of chromosome 21
B. Nondisjunction resulting in trisomy 21
C. Translocation of chromosome 18
D. X-linked recessive mutation
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Down syndrome is most commonly caused by chromosomal
nondisjunction during meiosis, resulting in three copies of chromosome 21 (Trisomy 21) in
every cell.
5. If a male inherits an X-linked recessive disorder, from which parent did he receive the
mutated gene?
A. His mother
B. His father
C. Either parent
D. Both parents
Answer: A
